crim exam 2 set 2 – Flashcards
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this period allowed superstitions including the belief that evil spirits caused people to violate the law were widely discarded
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enlightenment
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enlightenment led to the development of this criminological thought perspective
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classical school
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human being are fundamentally rational and most human behavior results from free will coupled with rational choice
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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pain and pleasure are the two central determining factors of human behavior
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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punishment serves to deter law violators and serves as an example to others who might contemplate violating the law
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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society exists to provide benefits to individuals that they would not receive living in isolation
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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when people band together for the protection offered by society, they forget some of their personal freedoms in order to enjoy the benefits of living among others cooperatively
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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certain key rights of the individual are necessary of the enjoyment of life, and governments that restrict and prohibit the exercise of those rights should be disbanded.
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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crime lessens the quality of the contractual bond that exists between individuals
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classical and neoclassical criminology
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panopticon is a concept of ______ criminology
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classical
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application of classical school principles to crime and justice
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classical criminology approach
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the approach to this criminological perspective is often in the guise of "get-tough" social policies
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neoclassical criminology
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Modern-day application of classical school principles to contemporary society
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neoclassical criminology approach
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1970s-present
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neoclassical criminology
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1700s-1880
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classical criminology
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Bentham and Beccaria are theorists of _____ criminology.
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classical
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cohen, katz, wilson and many others are theorists of _____ criminology.
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neoclassical
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The first modern approach to making sense of crime and criminal behavior
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classical school of criminology
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wrote essay on crimes and punishments
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Cesare Beccaria
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Beccaria wrote this essay to communicate his observations on the laws and justice system
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essay on crimes and punishments
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believed that punishment of crime should be based on outcome of crime rather than criminal intent
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Beccaria
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Believed in deterrence rather than retribution
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Beccaria
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believed punishment should be guaranteed, no loopholes, swift and certain
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Beccaria
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is responsible for the contemporary belief that criminals have control over their behavior, that they choose to commit crimes, and that they can be deterred by the threat of certain punishment
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Beccaria
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wrote Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
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Bentham
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_____ brought up the term Utilitarianism/Hedonistic Calculistic
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Bentham
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Argued that if acting criminally produced more pleasure than pain, than crime will be worth it for criminal
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Bentham
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disease where a person is unable to feel pleasure, but they can feel pain, can get this from too much cocaine use
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anidonia
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this is a major benefit of self-report surveys
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undiscovered crime
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Follow people starting as youth and into their twenties (how people change in their drug usage over time), can see trends
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longitudinal/youth studies
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government plans to switch to this from UCR, gathers a lot more information from participants, more specific than UCR, breaks down offenses more broadly, computerized, tries to avoid having any criticisms that the UCR has (handle these criticisms)
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NIBRS
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_______ (conservatives, liberals) are more likely to support the death penalty
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conservatives
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_______ (conservatives, liberals) tend to think that most people kill by choice.
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conservatives
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time when people believed crime was caused by possession or not being pure
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demonic/spiritual era
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this period started due to the realization that we can explain behaviors using methods besides for excuse that the devil made you
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enlightenment
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sees crime as a product of the exercise of free will and personal choice (someone is making the decision to commit a crime)
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classical school
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classical school (people commit crime based on free will and personal choice)moves away from the idea of ____________.
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predeterminism
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belief that government policy should lead to the enactment of laws that benefit most people
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Utilitarianism
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societal revenge
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retribution
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people's behavior is based on social experiences
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social determinism
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according to ______ ________, If we have same upbringing, we should act the same in life situations.
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social determinism
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Social determinism is different than ________.
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predeterminism
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if we believe in _____ ______, we believe that we can study things scientifically.
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social determinism
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belief that much of human behavior (and therefore, crime) results from forces that are beyond the control of the individual
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hard determinism
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in original formation of this belief, it was based on idea of hard determinism
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positivism
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true or false: Original positivists completely rejected the idea of free will
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true
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based on the growing belief that prisons do not rehabilitate or cure offenders, this was created from the belief that criminals deserve punishment for choices that they make
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justice model
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wilson's writing led to this...
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justice model
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law passed in California that requires a mandatory sentence of 25 years to life for three-time felons, with convictions for two or more serious or violent prior offenses
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three-strikes law
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what theory predicts that "Individuals choose to commit crime when the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying costs of disobeying the law. Crime will decrease" ?
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rational choice theory
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woman stole a toaster, 3rd offense and charged 30 years in prison... gvmnt. realized it would cost 1 million dollars to keep her in prison and this was therefore not economically beneficial... what law did they abolish because of this?
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California three-strikes law
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theory that states that criminals make a conscious, rational and at least partially informed choice to commit crime
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rational choice theory
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Routine Activities Theory and Situational Choice Theory are two varieties of what theory?
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rational choice theory
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this is a one variety of the rational choice theory; builds on an emerging emphasis on victimization; habitual
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Routine Activities Theory
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this is a one variety of the rational choice theory; largely an extension of the rational choice perspective; based on the situation you are in
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Situational Choice Theory
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these two men proposed the routine activities theory; believed that wealth and the development of social activities outside the home changed the nature of American society in the 60's and 70's
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Felson and Cohen
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list the three things that need to be present in order for crime to occur
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absence of capable guardian, likely offender, suitable target
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this theory views criminal behavior "as a function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities"
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situational choice theory
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this judge allowed first-time offenders to choose public shame over jail time (criticized because some first-time offenders just committed crime on a whim and would never do it again anyway)
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judge mackenzie
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Doesn't deter crime, Innocent people have been executed, Human life is sacred were three of the criticisms of this judge's punishment given to first-time offenders
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judge mackenzie
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this theory suggests that probability of criminal activity can be reduced by changes environmental features
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situational choice theory
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developers of the situational choice perspective; believed changing environmental factors can reduce criminal activity (i.e control alcohol sales at football games)
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Clarke and Cornish
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Criminologist who focused on the relationship between decisions to commit crime and the rewards of those decisions
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Jack Katz
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wrote book called seductions of crime and said that "Crime is the result of often wonderful attractions within the lived experience of criminaility"
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Jack Katz
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believed that criminologists have often depicted crime as something that can be avoided, but have failed to understand just how good some crimes feel to those who commit them
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Jack Katz
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Looks to develop greater understanding of crime and more effective crime-prevention strategies through concern with the environments that make crime possible
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situational crime prevention
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crime-prevention effort that focuses on context in which crime occurs, rather than on the people who commit crime
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situational crime prevention
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Isreali-American criminologist that describes the advantages of a situational approach to crime prevention
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David Weisburd
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lessening the criminal opportunity in particular location, through use of physical barriers, architectural design, and enhanced security measures
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target hardening
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Any punishment imposed should be appropriate to the type and severity of crime committed
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just deserts
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belief that criminal offenders deserve the punishment that they receive at the hands of the law
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just deserts
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works by way of example and seeks to prevent others from committing crimes similar to the one for which a particular offender is being sentenced
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general deterrence
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goal of criminal sentencing that seeks to prevent a particular offender from repeating criminality
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specific deterrence
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the percentage of convicted offenders released from prison who are later rearrested for a new crime, general within five years following release
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Recidivism Rate
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Repeating criminal behavior by those who already committed crime; Can also be used to measure the success of a given approach to the problem of crime
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Recidivism
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we are putting some people in prison; the one's who have broken the law multiple times→ they can't be contributing member's of society (in a healthy way)
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selective incapacitation
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We use legislation to lock up a certain group of people (as oppose to individuals)
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collective incapacitation
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people commit crime because the risks outweigh the rewards, goal in dealing with crime should be to make it where it is not worth committing crime--> these are two of many _________ theories
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neoclassical
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1. Laws that require judges to asses and publish the actual time an offender will serve once sentenced to prison are known as ______ __ __________ laws.
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truth in sentencing
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true or false: a rational choice theorist would consider individual choice as a factor in crime causation
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true
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_________ seeks to prevent a particular offender from engaging in repeat criminality.
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specific deterrence
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offenders should express some type of emotional effect the punishment has on them
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Emotional Intelligence
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preforming an act in response to violence
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duress
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time when people believed crime was caused by possession or not being pure
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demonic/spiritual era
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civil unrest during this time period; led to neoclassical criminology
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1960-1970
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from this time period on, we shift to punitive criminal justice practices
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1970's to present
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national survey of rehabilitation programs that proved that rehabilitation didn't work since most criminals continued to commit crime after they were released --> led to the "nothing works doctrine"
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Martinson's Article
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conservative policymakers began calling existing notions of crime prevention and rehabilitation into question --> rehabilitation is abandoned
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nothing works doctrine
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neoclassisms view on punishment is _________.
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deterrence
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target hardening is a way to deter crime according to the _________ ______ theory.
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situational choice
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judge mackenzie's options for public shame would work as both _____________ and ______________ ___________.
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general and specific deterrence
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true or false: death penalty deters crime.
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false
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true or false: innocent people have never been executed from the death penalty.
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false
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lock people away so that they cannot commit any more crimes
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incapacitation
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The brain is the organ of the ______ and the locus of _________. (____________, _________)
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mind, personality
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The basic determinants of human behavior are, to a considerable degree, constitutional or __________ based.
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genetically
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Observed gender/race differences in rates and types of criminality may be at least partially the result of _______ differences between the sexes and between racially _______ groups. (____________, _________)
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biological, distinct
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4. The basic determinants of human behavior, including criminality, may be passed on from__________ to _________. In other words, a tendency toward crime may be _________.(____________, _________, _________)
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generation, generation, inherited
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Much of human conduct is fundamentally rooted in _________ behavioral responses characteristic of _______organisms everywhere.(____________, _________)
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instinctive, biological
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6. The interplay among ______, _______, and the _________ _________ provides the nexus for any realistic consideration of crime causation. (____________, _________, _____ ________ )
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heredity, biology, social environment
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The biological _____ of human conduct have become increasingly disguised as modern symbolic forms of indirect _____ _____ have replaced more primitive and direct ones. (____________, _________ _________)
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roots, expressive behavior
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At least some human behavior is the result of biological tendencies_______ from more primitive developmental stages in the ________ process.(____________, _________)
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inherited, evolutionary
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greek science that you can look at someone's facial features and find direct correlations to their personality characteristics
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Phsiognomy
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Franz Gall's argument that argument that bumps on people's skulls tell you about their personality (ironic because (whites) superior race at the time had correct skull type and others had bumps)
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Phrenology
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said that people were born to be criminals (atavism), criminals are in a primitive state, they are evolving,
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lombroso
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idea that offenders are born criminals
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atavism
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pulled into crime by their environments, not born criminals
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criminaloids/occasional criminalist
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scientific study between physical characteristics and criminal behavior
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criminal anthropology
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brain is the seed of our ______ and ___________. (____________, _________)
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emotions, personality
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theory that body types, genetics, or external observable physical characteristics can be associated with criminality
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somatotype theory
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this dude's works were associated with the somatotyping perspective
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Sheldon
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soft and round body type (pleasantly plump)
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endomorph
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thin, shy, fragile, slender, long, inhibited body type
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ectomorph
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athletic, in shape, people with this body type are more likely to be involved with crime
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mesomorph
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Where deterrence, retribution and just deserts come together
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capital punishment
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list the social factors in crime causation
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poor home environment, poverty, inadequate socialization of would-be offender
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Overemphasis of the the importance of individual choice is a critique of this theory
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rational choice theory
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relative disregard for the role of social factors is a critique of this theory is a critique of this theory
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rational choice theory
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those who take credit for reducing crime in their areas must also somehow account for crime's decline in other locations over which they had no control is a critique of this theory is a critique of this theory
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neoclassical theory
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this theory is criticized as it is largely missing meaningful explanations as to how a choice for or against criminal activity is made
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classical theory
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this theory does not adequately take into account the effects of alcohol and anger on aggression
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rational choice theory
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this fact the ________ ______ ______does not adequately take into account the effects of alcohol and anger on aggression presents a _______ of how accurate the theory actually is. (________ ______ ______, _____)
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rational choice theory, dispute
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self-report surveys are useful because they find ________ _________.
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undiscovered crime
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________ inspired the reexamination of existing doctrines of human behavior from the viewpoint of rational thought
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enlightenment
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_______ allowed supernatural explanations to be abandoned leading to the ________ ____ of criminology. (________, ______ ____ )
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enlightenment, classical era
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neoclassical and classical approaches to crime both emphasize _____ ____ and ______ _____.
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free will, rational thought
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___________, the ______ ______ and various other policies and ideas were develop from neoclassical theories.
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get-tough on crime, justice model
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this man discussed four combinations of criminal and legal thought
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lawrence sherman
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sherman discussed four combinations of criminal and legal thought... _______ and _____ criminal thought as well as _____ and _____ legal thought. (______,_____)
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rational, irrational
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according to sherman's justice types, rational justice is _______-focused and emotional justice is ___________-focused.
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deterrence, retribution
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Katz, Cohen, Felson, Clarke, Cornish, Wilson are some theorists of ________________ ______.
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neoclassical criminology
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Beccaria and Bentham are two of the main theorists of ___________ _________.
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classical criminology
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________ ______ is often in the guise of "get-tough" social policies
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neoclassical criminology
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Rational choice, routine activites theory, capable guardians, situational crime prevention, target hardening, just deserts, determinate sentencing, specific deterrence, general deterrence are all part of _____ ____.
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neoclassical criminology
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______ ________ puts more emphasis on the issue of rational cognitive thought.
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classical criminology
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economic issue: I want money and power. this is an example of _______ _______ _____.
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rational cognitive thought
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Studies do not measure repeat offenders who are not caught the second time and so on... if they were measured, the ______ ________ would most likely be higher.
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recidivism rate
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Ginger stole money from girl scouts.... this is an example of ________ _______.
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rational economics
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Man savagely beaten in Baltimore; women dancing on him suggestively, saw watch, stripped him of his clothing..... what theory makes women able to do this?
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routine activity theory
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guy tried robbing the "we buy gold", the worker knocked him out... the guy who tried robbing the place tried and failed to utilize the _______ ______ _____.
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routine activity theory
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this theory is an example of soft determinism.
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situational choice theory
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_________ is based on acceptance of hard determinism
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positivism
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the trend of the nation's state and federal prison population has __________ __________ from the 1970's to end of 2011.
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dramatically increased
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according to bentham,a human being's ________ causes would-be criminals to asses pleasure and pain of committing crime before acting.
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rationality
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Beccaria believes that punishment should be based on ___________, not ____________.
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decree of injury, criminal intent
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_____ believed punishment should only be enough to outweigh the benefits of committing the crime.
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beccaria
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____________ ___________ refers to changes in legislation or sentencing patterns that lead to removing dangerous individuals from society
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collective incapacitation
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A state study shows that the majority of crime is not committed by repeat offenders. To reduce crime rates, which of the following is most appropriate for the state based on the results of this study?
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collective incapacitation
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A man is practicing his golf swing in a crowded park. He is not paying attention to his surroundings and strikes a woman forcefully on the head with a practice swing as she walks by, causing permanent paralysis. The man did not intend to harm her but nonetheless faces charges for felonious assault and battery with a deadly weapon. After almost two years, he is sentenced to 10 to 15 years in prison. Applying Beccaria's theory of crime, which of the following most likely explains why this punishment was ineffective? the punishment was not _____.
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swift
