Cpt 7 Learning; Feldman; PSY – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is overextension?
answer
Term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning
question
What is underextension?
answer
Term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
question
What is social speech?
answer
Speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person
question
What is babbling?
answer
Speechlike but meaningless sounds made by infants
question
What are holophrases?
answer
One word utterances that stand for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used
question
What is 2-3 months?
answer
Cooing typically begins around this month
question
What is between 10-14 months?
answer
First words
question
What is 2 years old?
answer
By this age, most children can use two word sentences and telegraphic speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out
question
What is between 16-19 months?
answer
Understands a prohibition
question
What is 3 years old?
answer
Before this age, most children are unable to demonstrate social speech
question
What is a nativist approach?
answer
Theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development
question
What is learning theory approach?
answer
Theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
question
What is the language-acquisition device (LAD)?
answer
Neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
question
What is universal grammar?
answer
Other term for idea that all the world's languages have a similar underlying structure
question
Who is Chomsky?
answer
Researcher who developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills
question
What is true?
answer
T/F Bilingual students who speak more than one language show greater cognitive flexibility and metalinguistic awareness
question
What are English Language Learners (ELL)
answer
Children who enter schools in the US with little to no English proficiency
question
What is immersion?
answer
Teaching students solely in the language they are learning
question
What is bilingual education?
answer
Teaching students first in their primary language and then in the language they are learning.
question
What is bilingualism
answer
Ability to communicate in two languages (in common parlance often used to indicate ability to speak more than one language)
question
What is false? (cross cultural research has demonstrated basic similarities)
answer
T/F Infant direct speech varies greatly across cultures
question
What is true?
answer
T/F Across many cultures, a mother's pitch rises when she is attempting to get an infant's attention and falls when she is trying to calm an infant
question
What is true?
answer
T/F Linguistic comprehension involves the understanding of language whereas linguistic production involves the use of language to communicate
question
What is false?
answer
T/F Private speech is uncommon over the course of the preschool years
question
What is true?
answer
T/F Fast mapping occurs when new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter
question
What is private speech?
answer
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves
question
What is grammar?
answer
System of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed
question
What are phonemes?
answer
Basic sounds of language that are combined to produce words and sentences
question
What is morpheme?
answer
Smallest language unit that has meaning
question
What is syntax?
answer
The combining of words and phrases to form sentences
question
What is semantics?
answer
Rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences
question
What is prelinguistic communication?
answer
Communication through sounds, facial expressions, gestures, imitation and other non-linguistic means
question
What are holophrases?
answer
First words are often these, one word utterances that stand for a whole phrase
question
What is preschool years?
answer
During this period, children's linguistic ability increases rapidly, including advances in sentence length, vocabulary and syntax
question
What is by 9 months?
answer
Age at which most children look toward an object that an adult is pointing to
question
What is middle childhood?
answer
During this period one observes the use of language as a self-control devise and a growth in metalinguistic awareness
question
What is language?
answer
the systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis for communication
question
Who is Piaget?
answer
This theorist viewed private speech as a sign of immaturity and egocentrism
question
Who is Vygotsky?
answer
This theorist viewed private speech as a useful cognitive mechanism that ultimately serves a social purpose
question
What is shaping?
answer
Learning theory proposes that language is acquired through this process (being rewarded for making sounds that approximate speech)
question
What is linguistic-relativity hypothesis?
answer
Theory that language shapes and may determine the way people of a given culture perceive and understand the world
question
What is infant-directed speech?
answer
Style of speech that used to be called "motherese", it characterizes the way people communicate with infants
question
What is telegraphic speech?
answer
Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
question
What is intonation?
answer
Tone of voice
question
What is pragmatics?
answer
Rules governing the use of language to communicate in a social context
question
What is metalinguistic awareness?
answer
Understanding one's own use of language
question
What is false? (we tend to talk to children differently)
answer
Infant-directed speech is no different than adult-directed speech
question
What is true?
answer
Economic factors in the home have a significant influence on language development
question
What is false? (they tend to speak indirectly to girls and directly to boys)
answer
Adults tend to speak directly to girls and indirectly to boys
question
What is false? (they learn both what can and cannot be said)
answer
Preschoolers only learn what can be said as they acquire the principles of grammar
question
What is false (that is the definition of social speech)
answer
Private speech is speech directed towards another person and meant to be understood by that person
question
learning theory approach
answer
Almost every time Baby Will articulates the word "da," his father picks him up with joy, smiles, and praises his son for trying to say "dad." The father's behavior reinforces Will's behavior, and this is an example of
question
Pragmatics
answer
What is the term for the aspect of language that relates to communicating effectively and appropriately with others?
question
language-acquisition device
answer
Which of Chomsky's concepts relates to how the human brain is uniquely and genetically predisposed to comprehend and produce language?
question
Overextension
answer
What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning?
question
syntax
answer
When middle-school-age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called understanding
question
pragmatics
answer
When middle-school-age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of
question
prelinguistic communication
answer
Baby Todd's mother notices that he makes a variety of sounds including cooing, crying, gurgling, and murmuring, along with facial expressions, gestures, imitation, and other nonlinguistic means. Baby Todd is demonstrating
question
holophrase
answer
Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares her dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her father's attention by saying "eat" and "cookie," and this would be an example of a
question
social
answer
Before the age of 3, most children are unable to demonstrate __________ speech
question
private speech
answer
When young children are using speech that is spoken and directed to themselves, this is called
question
Social speech
answer
What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?
question
Overextention
answer
When Baby Sarah is riding in the car with her parents she occasionally points at passing vehicles and calls out "see cars," even though some of the vehicles are buses and trucks. This is an example of _________ speech.
question
Chomsky
answer
Which researcher developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?
question
Linguistic-relativity hypothesis
answer
The __________________ states that language shapes and may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive the world.
question
Nativist approach
answer
What is the term for the theory that a genetically-determined, innate mechanism directs language development?
question
phonemes
answer
Alexander is 6-years-old, and although he pronounces most words clearly, he has difficulty pronouncing "j," "v," "th," and "zh" sounds, which are examples of
question
Infant-directed speech
answer
Which of the following is a type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences?
question
Grammar
answer
What is the term for the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed?
question
Telegraphic
answer
By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.
question
underextension
answer
The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called
question
Is basically similar
answer
According to a growing body of research, infant-directed speech _____________ across cultures.
question
Semantics
answer
What is the name for the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences?
question
pragmatics
answer
When a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation, stay on topic, and give appropriate responses such as "please" and "thank you," the child is demonstrating knowledge of
question
Syntax
answer
What term refers to the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences?
question
Language-acquisition device (LAD)
answer
What is the term for a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language?
question
Interactionist perspective
answer
Which theory of language acquisition combines several schools of thought to hypothesize that language development is produced through a combination of genetic predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language?
question
rises; falls
answer
Evidence comparing American English, German, and Mandarin Chinese speakers shows that in each language, a mother's pitch _________ when a mother is attempting to get an infant's attention and ________ when she is try to calm an infant.
question
Chomsky; universal grammar
answer
The concept that all of the world's languages share a similar underlying structure was created by ________ and is called ________
question
Learning theory approach
answer
What is the term for a theory that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning?
