question

A consensus that rehabilitation, as a correctional philosophy, had failed emerged in:

answer

The 1970s

question

Correctional population growth continued throughout the 1990s, even though crime rates:

answer

fell

question

The U.S. imprisonment rate has been growing steadily for

answer

35 years

question

There is a growing sense that the U.S. penal system:

answer

has grown too much

question

Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?

answer

Both protection and punishment

question

Corrections has a(n) ___ relationship with its environment.

answer

reciprocal

question

Which of the following countries has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

answer

The United States

question

The nature of corrections is such that it can be very difficult to receive useful:

answer

feedback

question

As systems grow and mature, they become:

answer

more complex

question

Which system of government divides power between federal and state governments?

answer

Federalism

question

___ is a method of applying scientific knowledge to practical purposes in a particular field.

answer

Technology

question

Because correctional workers work directly with people, they have been referred to as:

answer

street-level bureaucrats

question

Interdependence between staff and offenders is considered:

answer

exchange

question

The following is an example of corporal punishment:

answer

whipping

question

Until the Middle Ages prison was for:

answer

detention

question

The penitentiary was developed during the:

answer

1830s

question

Lex talionis embodies which of the following principles?

answer

Punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense. an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth is legal punishment. and punishment needs to be proportionate.

question

The belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted is called:

answer

utilitarianism

question

The practice of removing offenders from the community to another land was known as:

answer

transportation

question

During the Age of Reason, which of the following concepts dominated social and political thinking?

answer

Liberalism, Rationality and Equality

question

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

answer

It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion. It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens. and It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.

question

For the purpose of deterrence, which principle(s) did Beccaria believe were most important?

answer

Both swiftness and certainty

question

Wergild was gradually replaced because:

answer

All of these: Citizens wronged by offenders demanded that fairness required some form of retaliation; as a result, wergild was soon replaced by the principle of lex talionis. The use of capital punishment increased so dramatically that wergild was no longer needed, since most offenders would receive a death sentence. of the view that the peace of society required the public to participate in determining guilt or innocence and in exacting a penalty.

question

As a social institution, corrections reflects the vision and concerns of the:

answer

larger community

question

Legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged in the:

answer

1200s

question

The response to crime was viewed as essentially a private affair prior to the ___ century?

answer

13th

question

___ was a leader of reform in England and the developer of a utilitarian approach to crime and punishment.

answer

Jeremy Bentham

question

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:

answer

the church

question

The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:

answer

secular law

question

Benefit of clergy was extended to:

answer

all literate persons

question

The ___ was born out of concern for the sinfulness of sloth.

answer

workhouse

question

The country that gave the world its first penitentiary is:

answer

The United States

question

In new England, the Puritans maintained a society governed by what type of principles?

answer

religious

question

Until the early 1800s most Americans lived:

answer

rurally

question

The ___ was a penitentiary system developed in Pennsylvania in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates.

answer

separate confinement system

question

the "congregate" system of prison discipline was first instituted at the:

answer

Auburn Penitentiary

question

The first institution to embody the principles of the Cincinnati Prison Congress was:

answer

Elmira reformatory

question

With the rise of the medical model, the emphasis in corrections shifted to:

answer

the treatment of criminals

question

Between 1790 and 1830, the population in urban America had:

answer

sharply increased

question

During the 19th century, American society became increasingly:

answer

heterogeneous

question

Separate confinement was first implemented in:

answer

Walnut Street Jail

question

The penitentiary was to be a place where:

answer

All of these: offenders were isolated from bad influences in society. offenders were isolated from one another. Where offenders could reflect on their misdeeds.

question

The opening of Eastern State Penitentiary in 1829 marked the full development of the:

answer

the separate confinement system

question

The "Black Codes" emerged after the:

answer

Civil War

question

In the convict lease system, prisoners are:

answer

used for labor by private interests

question

Americans challenged government institutions dealing with education, mental health, juvenile delinquency, and adult corrections in the:

answer

1960s & 1970s

question

An institution intended to isolate prisoners from society and each other so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is the:

answer

penitentiary

question

The ___ approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

answer

Positivist School

question

The leasing of convicts to private entrepreneurs took hold in the:

answer

South

question

Within 40 years of being built, penitentiaries had become:

answer

All of these: understaffed overcrowded financially burdened

question

The concept of deterrence is founded on:

answer

Utilitarianism

question

the concept of selective incapacitation rests on the idea that:

answer

a small number of offenders are responsible for a disproportionate number of violent and property crimes.

question

With reference to time, rehabilitation is:

answer

future oriented

question

The goal of rehabilitation is oriented solely toward the ___ and does not imply any consistent relationship between the severity of the punishment and the gravity of the crime.

answer

offender

question

According to Herbert Packer, which of the following is not an element of punishment?

answer

a dominant purpose to prevent further offenses or to inflict pain on the offender.

question

According to Clear, Cole, and Reisig, ___ is the most visible penalty imposed by the criminal justice system.

answer

imprisonment

question

Experts usually cite ___ as reasons wrongful convictions occur.

answer

All of these: plea bargaining pressures community pressure eyewitness error

question

___ asserts that a person who has infringed the rights of others deserves to be penalized or punished.

answer

retribution

question

According to the concept of ___, offenders are returned to society once they are cured.

answer

rehabilitation

question

Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the public and to discourage the commission of offenses by others is known as:

answer

general deterrence

question

Depriving an offender of the ability to commit crimes against society, usually by detention in prison, is:

answer

incapacitation

question

Punishment designed to repair damage to both victim and community is:

answer

restorative justice

question

Sentencing guidelines are designed to:

answer

give judges a grab bag of sentencing options

question

Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:

answer

intermediate sanctions

question

In the Booker decision, the justices said that sentencing guidelines are:

answer

discretionary

question

restorative justice sees crime as a violation against which of the following?

answer

Victim and community

question

Divergence in the lengths and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is:

answer

sentencing disparity

question

A writ of habeas corpus requests an examination of the legality of ___

answer

confinement

question

Money or other compensation is awarded to a plaintiff in a civil action when the person sued has:

answer

civil liabilty

question

The Military Commissions Act (MCA) ___ the ability of "unlawful enemy combatants" to file a writ of habeas corpus.

answer

eliminates

question

Which of the following has not been legally recognized by the Supreme Court as justifying abridgments of an inmate's constitutional rights?

answer

The maintenance of stable prison populations

question

In instances when parole supervision is being revoked, offenders possess various ___ rights.

answer

due process

question

Which court decision held that the basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made concerning the disciplining of an inmate?

answer

Wolff v. McDonnell

question

Prior to the 1960s courts maintained a/an ___ with respect to corrections.

answer

hands off policy

question

The circumstances in a correctional facility that, when considered as a whole, may violate the protections guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment, are known as:

answer

totality of the conditions

question

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified in:

answer

1868

question

The Anti-terrorism Act imposes ___ limit to file a federal habeas petition.

answer

a one year

question

Legal rules, usually set by an agency of the executive branch, designed to implement policies of that agency are called:

answer

regulations

question

Until the 1970s when the courts got involved, penal institutions in most states

answer

did not provide prison law libraries

question

The first successful prisoners' rights case involved:

answer

brutality and physical conditions

question

On entering a correctional institution, prisoners surrender most, but not all, of their rights under which Amendment?

answer

Fourth

question

The totality of conditions may be legally interpreted as:

answer

cruel and unusual punishment

question

The equal protection clause is found in which Amendment?

answer

Fourteenth

question

One of the ways a corrections staff member can insulate themselves against civil lawsuits is to:

answer

All of these: keep good records get a mentor follow institutional procedures

question

African Americans make up less than one seventh of the U.S. population but nearly ___ of the accused and convicted people in the justice system.

answer

one half

question

The ___ offender is most likely to be the object of exploitation and practical jokes while incarcerated

answer

mentally handicapped

question

According to your text, situational offenders pose many problems for the correctional system. Which of the following has been identified as a problem with this offender?

answer

They are extremely difficult to rehabilitate.

question

Half of those entering state prisons are ___ years old.

answer

between 18 and 27

question

A person who has committed a sexual act prohibited by law is known as a:

answer

sex offender

question

the drug abuser presents ___ problems for corrections

answer

both treatment and management

question

The treatment program that has consistently proven to be successful for the alcohol abuser in general population but less successful for those in the correctional population is:

answer

alcoholics anonymous

question

It is well known that the distinction between the psychopath and career criminal is that:

answer

the psychopath is motivated by a lack of attachment to rules or people.

question

The decision to ___ is a factor influencing the filtering process:

answer

grant bail

question

The most slippery concept in the classification of offenders is that of the:

answer

career criminal

question

In classifying offenders, correctional administrators put them into groups based on:

answer

All of these: their needs for treatment risk security issues they pose to the prison

question

One key method shown to prevent AIDS transmission is through:

answer

education

question

Through its everyday policies, the criminal justice system concentrates on:

answer

All of these: the poor the young persons of color

question

most people would hardly call their own job a ___ if they had been seen at work only three or four times

answer

career

question

In recent years, America's prison population has been:

answer

aging

question

more prisoners serve ___ sentences in the United States than in any other Western nation.

answer

long

question

Which of the following pressures are not experienced by the local jail?

answer

Local offender assistance programs are usually operated by community self help volunteers

question

According to the text, the central purpose of the early jail was:

answer

to make sure those accused of a crime would show up for their trials.

question

A system where jail operations are funded by a set amount paid for each prisoner held per day is:

answer

a fee system

question

The nation has just over ___ jails.

answer

2,800

question

According to your text, jail suicides are primarily caused by:

answer

both the crisis nature of arrest and detention and emotional instability.

question

A common strategy in dealing with offenders with substance dependency problems is:

answer

both release to an addiction treatment facility and placement in a methadone maintenance program.

question

By far the most successful pretrial release program is:

answer

release on recognizance (ROR)

question

Many have argued against preventive detention. Which is not one of the arguments?

answer

It is typically employed only against property offenders.

question

Many argue in favor of pretrial diversion. Which of the following is not one of those arguments?

answer

Many offenders cannot be effectively dealt with by the formal criminal justice system.

question

According to the authors, which of the following is of particular importance for today's jails?

answer

legal liability

question

___ are direct descendants of 12th century English feudal practices.

answer

bail processes

question

Violence, rape, and health problems are direct and immediate consequences of:

answer

overcrowding

question

Jails are administered by:

answer

locally elected officials

question

A nationwide census of jails was not done until:

answer

1978

question

The jail rate is highest in the:

answer

West and South

question

More than half of all jail occupants are:

answer

awaiting trial

question

The average delay between arrest and sentencing is

answer

six months

question

Many, if not most, defendants are:

answer

indigent

question

What is the average caseload for probation officers in New York City?

answer

162 probationers per officer

question

Probation was originally used mainly for:

answer

first time offenders

question

The majority of probationers in the United States are:

answer

white and male

question

___ is a drug that inhibits drinking.

answer

Antabuse

question

Which of the following is an argument for a centralized probation authority?

answer

All of these: Decentralized programs are often unprofessional and lag behind the times It is able to train staff for a variety of roles It is able to implement broader program with greater equality in supervision and services.

question

In what case did the Supreme Court rule that the defendant does not have a right to receive a copy of the pre-sentence investigation report?

answer

Williams v. New York

question

A probation officer faces role conflict everyday. This conflict focuses around:

answer

the responsibilities of enforcing the law and helping the offender simultaneously.

question

In which of the following ways may probation be terminated?

answer

both the probationer completes the period of probation and the probationer commits some misbehavior that warrants the probation be terminated.

question

Which of the following was not an innovation initially developed by John Augustus?

answer

Home detention

question

Judicial reprieve in the United States:

answer

was declared unconstitutional in 1916

question

Recent interest in the problem of substance abuse has increased the attention given to ___ affected by drugs and alcohol.

answer

probationers

question

The approved practice for handling revocation of probation:

answer

proceeds in three stages.

question

If the idea is to help people turn their lives around, in most cases there are far ___ choices

answer

better

question

Over ___ dollars a year are spent on corrections.

answer

60 billion

question

Movement within the continuum of sanctions is contingent upon:

answer

performance at each level of sentencing accountability.

question

A ___ condition establishes a sum of money that must be paid by the offender either to the victim or to a public fund for victims of crime.

answer

restitution

question

Studies of community service and restitution programs have generally found them vulnerable to:

answer

the problem of net widening

question

Early evaluations of intensive supervision reflect which of the following?

answer

More technical violations occur than with traditional probation

question

Proponents of boot camps argue that young offenders get involved in crime because:

answer

they lack self esteem

question

What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting intermediate sanctions for offenders?

answer

both non-whites and women

question

Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following most with punishment?

answer

Prison

question

The new movement that seeks to establish correctional programs falling between standard probation and prison is called

answer

intermediate sanctions

question

Home confinement is best suited to:

answer

low-risk offenders with relatively stable residences

question

More than two thirds of people under correctional authority are:

answer

under community supervision

question

Judges sometimes complain that their sentencing choices are:

answer

limited

question

Over ___ dollars in fines is collected annually in the United States.

answer

one billion

question

Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as:

answer

ISP (Intensive Supervision Probation)

question

Because intermediate sanctions rely on discretion there is an opportunity for:

answer

bias

question

Jails are an important part of corrections and demonstrate many complexities of the system.

answer

True

question

Prison is inexpensive.

answer

False

question

A day fine lets the wealthier offenders off easier than it does the poor.

answer

False

question

In many states the corrections budget is higher than the education budget.

answer

True

question

Of the 7 million adults under correctional supervision in the United States, about ___ are in jails and prisons

answer

2.25 million

question

93 percent of the adult prison population is:

answer

Male

question

America's oldest prison, New Jersey's State Prison in Trenton, opened in:

answer

1798

question

Big houses predominated in much of the country during the:

answer

first half of the 20th century

question

The ___ model was dominant in the 1960s and early 1970s.

answer

rehabilitation

question

In the wake of the Civil rights Movement, prisoners demanded their constitutional rights as:

answer

citizens

question

At present, the focus of corrections has shifted to:

answer

crime control

question

Most prisons employ a ___ model

answer

custodial

question

Prisons are operated by:

answer

All of these: the federal government all 50 states private companies

question

As state's deal with severe budgetary problems the future of private prisons is:

answer

uncertain

question

Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by:

answer

cost

question

The cost of maintaining a(n) ___ inmate is much higher than costs associated with other incarcerated populations.

answer

elderly

question

The rate of confirmed AIDS cases in state and federal prisons is ___ in the total U.S. population.

answer

2.5 times higher

question

Rates of HIV infection are higher in ___ prisons.

answer

female

question

According to sociologists, the "big house" conception of the American prison has:

answer

clouded our understanding of the contemporary prison.

question

A majority of all state prisoners throughout the country are housed in ___ prisons.

answer

medium security

question

With the correctional focus shifting to crime control, some believe that offenders have had it too soft, resulting in:

answer

All of these: the institution of strict regimes in prisons. the removal of educational and recreational amenities from prisons. an increase in the number of people in prison.

question

Responsibility of housing federal pretrial detainees belongs to:

answer

the U.S. Marshal's Service

question

The general rule of architecture, including prisons, is that form follows:

answer

function

question

Prisons designed to hold the "toughest of the tough" are called:

answer

super-max prisons

question

Private enterprise has ___ played a role in American corrections.

answer

always

question

The growth rate in the number of incarcerated women:

answer

exceeds that of men

question

In comparison to men's facilities, women's prisons have:

answer

less programming

question

Until 1870 women inmates were generally treated:

answer

the same as men

question

The children of imprisoned mothers are allowed overnight visits

answer

in a few states

question

no distinctive correctional model for women has arisen since the:

answer

1940s

question

Inside women's facilities there has been a recent escalation of:

answer

sexual misconduct by male officers

question

When compared to men, the offenses women commit are usually

answer

less serious

question

Traditionally, women have received ___ treatment from judges.

answer

discriminatory

question

In 1844, the ___ was created with the goal of improving the treatment of female prisoners and separating them from male prisoners.

answer

Women's Prison Association

question

Which of the following is not an advantage to the families formed by female inmates?

answer

They provide administrators with greater control

question

Generally, women's prisons lack not only adequate vocational and educational programs but also:

answer

All of these: nutritional services recreational services medical services

question

The justification for the lack of diverse educational, vocational, and other programs to incarcerated women is that:

answer

there is a relatively small number of women in prison and jail.

question

Elizabeth Farnham, head matron of the women's wing at Sing Sing from 1844 -1848, tried to implement reform ideas for female prisoners and

answer

was thwarted by male overseers and legislators

question

Historically, convicted females were thought to:

answer

be difficult to reform since they had gone against their nature.

question

Social relationships in women's prison appear:

answer

more voluntary than in male prisons

question

When women are released to the community, many must deal with which of the following?

answer

All of these: Being poor Regaining custody of children Drug addiction

question

The decision to release an inmate is made in the context of:

answer

competing goals

question

From 1920 to 1973 sentencing and release procedures involved:

answer

indeterminate sentences

question

Parole is understood as:

answer

conditional release

question

Currently, what percent of felons are released on parole and remain under correctional supervision for a specific period

answer

about 77 percent

question

After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus "good time," if any, he or she will receive:

answer

mandatory release

question

A parole board organized inside a department of corrections is an example of a/an ___ parole board.

answer

consolidated

question

One of the consequences of discretionary parole is:

answer

All of these: it leaves prisoners in limbo prisoners have few due process rights at the hearing decisions are made outside of the public's attention

question

Which of the following is an impact of release mechanisms?

answer

All of these: They can shorten a sentence imposed by a judge They encourage plea bargaining They mitigate the harshness of the penal code

question

___ is based on the assumptions of indeterminate sentences and rehabilitative programs.

answer

Discretionary release

question

More than ___ adult felons leave state and federal prisons each year.

answer

725,000

question

With the increase of the prison population the percentage of parolees has:

answer

increased

question

Parole evolved during the:

answer

19th century

question

According to inmates, if you want to be paroled you've got to:

answer

be in a program

question

Those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. This is referred to as:

answer

disenfranchisement

question

To define race as a biological concept that divides mankind into categories related to skin color and other physical features has often resulted in:

answer

a great deal of controversy in both political and social arenas

question

The fact that African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is:

answer

indisputable

question

In terms of culture, the United States is:

answer

a mosaic

question

When groups are deferentially treated without regard to their behavior or qualifications, ___ occurs.

answer

discrimination

question

The argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature:

answer

is not sustained by the evidence

question

Many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is:

answer

reciprocal

question

The gap between unemployment rates for African American men and every other group in society grows when:

answer

men who are behind bars are released

question

___ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime.

answer

Most

question

The victim's perception of the race of the offender

answer

has influence over sentencing

question

A consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that:

answer

the view is vulnerable to charges of racism and it would mean the creation of a "criminal class" of people who are dangerous.

question

Which of the following contribute to high rates of incarceration of African Americans?

answer

All of these: drug sentences poverty unemployment

question

Criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. These include:

answer

All of these where police patrol the cost of bail the ability to hire a private attorney

question

The problem of dis-proportionality is ___ if the problem is not racist people but disadvantageous rules and practices.

answer

more complicated

question

Recent sociological studies have demonstrated that:

answer

employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been in prison and are more likely to do a background check on young African American men.

question

The high percentage of young African American men behind bars results in their:

answer

All of these: lack of earning a wage not being able to parent children not being able to support their partners

question

Prison surpassed college as a place for young African American men after:

answer

1980

question

No one can dispute the ___ impact of the prison system's growth on young men of color.

answer

disparate

question

African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison population but _____ of all U.S. residents.

answer

13 percent

question

If current rates of incarceration continue, nearly ___ of African American children born today will go to prison

answer

one third

question

One in three African American men are:

answer

under correctional supervision

question

Patterns of disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system:

answer

start with juveniles

question

In the everyday thinking of many Americans, crime is a ___ phenomenon.

answer

racial

question

Self report studies show that ___ have committed a crime.

answer

most people

question

It is estimated that ___ African American men are permanently banned from voting.

answer

1.4 million

question

The belief that executions of wrongdoers deters others from committing the crime reflects:

answer

a utilitarian belief

question

The belief that one who takes another's life deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate:

answer

is a moral argument

question

Opponents of the death penalty argue that only ___ has the right to take a life:

answer

God

question

Opponents of capital punishment argue that:

answer

All of these: There is no evidence that it deters violent crime. Many killers are unable to control themselves. Killers do not consider the threat of capital punishment when they commit the crime.

question

Supporters of capital punishment argue that it will:

answer

All of these: Dissuade others from wrongdoing. Realize justice for the victim. Keep the offender from committing further crimes.

question

Studies show that the public:

answer

opinion depends on the wording of the questions asked

question

Mark Costanzo found that the public ___ when people can choose between life without parole and death.

answer

is equally split

question

Current case law indicates that capital punishment is legal:

answer

as long as it's imposed fairly

question

In Ford v. Wainwright the Supreme Court ruled that ___ should not be executed.

answer

the insane

question

Who gets the death penalty is a result of:

answer

prosecutorial discretion

question

It took approximately how long for Angel Diaz to die by lethal injection in Florida:

answer

30 minutes

question

Until the mid 1700s criminal punishment in Europe and American colonies focused on the offender's

answer

body

question

Executions, in most parts of the country, were carried out in public until the:

answer

1830s

question

After 1935 the number of executions began to:

answer

decline

question

The number of states without the death penalty has ___ in recent years:

answer

decreased

question

Since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has:

answer

increased

question

Analysts argue that public opinion for the death penalty is:

answer

somewhat confusing

question

In other western democracies the death penalty has been:

answer

abolished

question

The latest attempt to impose capital punishment in a way that does not offend modern cultural sensibilities is:

answer

lethal injection

question

To ensure thorough deliberation before imposing the death sentence, legislatures enacted:

answer

a two stage process

question

Research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed when:

answer

the victim is white

question

In Atkins v. Virginia the Supreme Court ruled that:

answer

executing the mentally retarded is unconstitutional

question

In which case was it ruled that offenders can not receive the death sentence if they were under 18 at the time of the crime?

answer

Roper v. Simmons

question

Consular officials must be notified when

answer

a foreign national is arrested

question

Of the 22,000 arrests for murder and non negligent manslaughter, fewer than ___ receive the death penalty.

answer

150

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