Contemporary issues with sports management – Flashcards

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History of Youth Sports and High School Sports
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*Youth organized sports predates Constitution *Schools promoted participation to solve broad social issues - health, juvenile delinquency, increase retention and graduation rates, etc *Private schools embraced benefits earlier than public schools - integrated into cirriculum *Boston - Interscholastic Football Association 1888 *Dr. Dudley Sargent, James Naismith, and Amos Alonzo Stagg - major contributions toward incorporating sports into schools
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YMCA
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*Youth Men's Christian Association *Most prominent private agency to promote youth athletics *1930-50s ranches in bsuburban areas allowed female members *During Great Depression government involvement in recreation increased significantly
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Athlete eligibility
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*Maintaining collegiate eligibility through amateur status - can't get paid
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Youth leagues
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*Focus on promotion of a particular sport among children
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Expenses and funding for high school athletic programs
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*School/youth organizations are nonprofit but still must maintain a budget and control cost *2008 economy crash led to tighter budgets - pay for play, etc
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Title IX
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*Any institution receiving government funding must have equal mens/womens sports
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Risk management ..
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*Need to avoid litigation - liability with volunteers bc schools still responsible for their actions
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Participation rankings (PPT -See Chart in PowerPoint): Top ranking only (first) number of High Schools vs. Total U.S. Participants and by gender
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o BOYS Top High School Sponsored Sport - Basketball Top Total U.S. Participants - Football o GIRLS Top High School Sponsored Sport - Basketball Top Total U.S. Participants - Track & Field
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History of intercollegiate sports
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*Crew race between Yale and Harvard was first commercial intercollegiate athletic event *Initially college athletics run by students- pressure to win caused them to reach out externally *1864 William Wood - first coach hired by Yale crew
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Intercollegiate Football Association
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*Group of students who came together and agreed on set playing and eligibility rules
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History of the NCAA
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*Dangerous nature of football caused administrators to get involved with governing intercollegiate athletics *1905 - 18 football players died + 149 serious injuries led to reform of the game *Name changed to NCAA 1912 *Big Ten Conference formed to create eligibility rules
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College reform
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*1929 Carnegie reports exposes many issues in collegiate athletics - pressure to change to an organization that establishes principles for governing amateurism *1989 - Knight Commission formed prompting NCAA membership to pass numerous regulations *1896 - first sport contest for women was basketball game UC Berkley vs. Stanford *Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women later renamed to Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women Power struggle between AIAW and NCAA until AIAW dissolved association with NCAA
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The role of a compliance director in college athletics
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Make sure that athletes remain eligible for competition through proper conduct
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Differences within the NCAA: Division I, II & III Athletics
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*D I - athletics to generate revenue through competitiveness and national success *D II - athletic scholarships are smaller than D I. must sponsor 10 sports (2 team/gender) *D III - no athletic scholarships. Emphasizes participation and regional competition
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*First intercollegiate event; first college coach
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*First event - Crew race between Yale and Harvard *First coach - William Wood, Yale crew coach
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The role of culture in sport
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*Intercultural competency allows for products to be relevant in all nations - key to broadening sales *Corporations looking to broaden their product to global markets - playing a role in development of sports in new countries
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Nike /market share and how culture affects the Nike brand
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*Nike has sold more overseas than the US *N.Am. markets saturated and the average person will buy a limited amount of product a year
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Understanding globalization in sport
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*Globalization does NOT mean Americanization *Largely influenced by countries with dominance over worldwide media *Not solely media dependent *Corporations adopt a global strategy to move product *Technology has greatly increased accessibility and exposure worldwide
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Media conglomerates -media consumption and leading media conglomerates
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*Access to media increasing exponentially *Major corporations own major media outlets in countries throughout world *6 major companies now control 90% of media outlets
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Most valuable sports organization in the world
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Machester United
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IOC (International Olympic Committee)
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*Governing authority over the Olympic Games/Olympic Movement *Self-selected members - session, exec board, president *Based in Switzerland
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Broadcasting rights and revenue streams
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*Broadcasting rights = 50% of OG revenue *Long term rights fees establish better global coverage/ provide more programs
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Grassroots marketing
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*Programs started to increase sport participation and interest in a particular international region *Increase participation and educate people about specifics
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Issues regarding lockouts and strikes in professional sports
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*Lockout - when the owners refuse to allow the athletes to play until agreement is reached *Strike - when the players refuse to compete until they receive more $ or other contract change
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Corporate Ownership -Which sports league banned corporate ownership?
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*NFL bans corporate ownership (exception: San Francisco 49ers)
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Public Ownership in the NFL
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*Public ownership also banned in the NFL (exception: Green Bay Packers)
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Global market penetration in professional sports
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Selling their brand/team outside of the U.S. (ex: Ichiro in Japan)
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League Revenue Sharing
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*Major Revenue comes from broadcasting contracts, licensing and sponsorship *Across leagues broadcasting revenue shared
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Cross ownership
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NFL bans owners from owning more than one team in the same market Used to be more strict- couldn't own another team in any league. Now cannot be competing & must be different leagues (ex: Paul Allen, owner of Seahawks, also being key investor in Seattle Sounders, MLS)
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Diversity in the four major sports leagues
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*Representation of minorities in management should match field *All leagues have shown improvements for hiring women & minorities *NBA: first Af. Am. Majority owner was Bob Johnson (Charlotte Bobcats) *MLB: first minority owner was Mex. Am. Arte Moreno (Anaheim Angels)
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Revenue (highest) in which league?
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NFL
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General questions about Reebok /San Francisco 49ers licensed partnership
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*Reebok needed to establish themselves as a legitimate sports performance brand *Was seen previously as a brand solely for women *Secured 6 NFL teams with licensing rights
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History of Sport Agency
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*C.C. "Cash & Carry" Pyle cited as first sports agent *Until 70s rare for athletes to have agents - before that no free agents so unnecessary *Leigh Steinberg - signed the most lucrative QB contract. Rose high, fell hard
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Leading sport management groups
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*IMG *CAA
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The functions (professional responsibilities) of a sport agent
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*Negotiation, Marketing, Financial Planning, Current/Post career planning, Counsel & Dispute Resolution, Legal Background
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Negotiating endorsement contracts
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*Knowledgeable of the sport & common governing practices of the league *Must understand value of client's services
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Reserve clause
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*Gives teams the option to renew players for the following year
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Factors that influenced growth of sport agents/agency
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*Evolution of players' associations *Free agency *Need for financial planning due to increased salaries *Development of competing leagues *Increased amount of endorsements so athletes have increased opportunities to make $$
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Free agency
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*Ability of players to negotiate contracts with teams and to leave a team for more $ elsewhere
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Conglomerates ("uberagencies")
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*Large firms that represent large list of athletes *Provides "one-stop shop" for all services in the agency business *Star players
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Fee structure/fee issues in sport agency
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1. Flat Fee Arrangement - pay set amount of $ to agent 2. Percentage of Compensation - covers negotiation expenses + work related (most popular) 3. Hourly Rate 4. Hourly Rate + Compensation Cap Players associations limit amount of agent fees. Competition has driven fees down to 2-3%
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History of facilities in the U.S.
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*Stadiums built in urban areas constrained to limited areas so shapes of older stadiums irregular *Early NFL games were played in Baseball stadiums Arenas - need to be filled on non-game days so would host other events *Trend towards publically funded stadiums increased team owner's revenue bc didn't have to
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IAAM
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*International Association of Auditorium Managers - leading professional trade association for facility management field
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Types of public facilities
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*Stadium- outdoor/domed facility *Arena - indoor facility (easier to book other events when no game) *Intercollegiate facilities- financed by private donations *Convention Centers- built and owned by public entity to host conventions & business meetings *Theatres - primarily used for live artistic entertainment
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Types of events
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*Sports - specifc seasons, dates determined by league *Family - Disney, Nickelodeon, Sesame Street shows; ice shows *Concerts - booked months in advance *Trade shows - multiple day events *Religion Events - mass worship *Convocations - graduations, speaking events *Seasonal - summer tours, holiday shows
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"Youngest" sport (of the four major sports) in North America
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NBA
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Revenue streams for sports facilities
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*Personal seat licenses - luxury suites, club seating *Ticket Tax *Revenue from other sources - parking, rent, concessions
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Sport facility financing
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*Bonds are primary source of financing (bc tax exemption) General obligation bonds - backed by local government w/ ability to raise taxes to pay Revenue bonds - backed by the facility's ability to generate revenue (risky)
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Sport facility marketing
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Try to lure big entertainers/ events to facility to sell tickets and generate revenue
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Top sport marketing/management agencies
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Octagon, IMG, SportsMark, CAA (Creative Artists Agency)
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History of managing sporting events (event management in sport)
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*Albert Spalding wanted to increase profits *Barnstorming tours - tour athletes around to promote teams and increase popularity
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IMG (history of and significance/purpose of this organization)
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*Emerged to act on behalf of sport property *Expanded to incorporate other functions past representing athletes
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Event management functions
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Finance/budgeting Zero-Base - review of all activities & costs as if it were the first time Cash-Flow - accounting for the receipt and timing of all sources of income/outcome
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Risk management
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*DIM - develop, implement, manage *Waiver- signed before *Release - signed after *Insurance
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Tournament operations
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*Pre-event, actual event, post-event promotion *Script- specific, detailed schedule of day's activities
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Engaged experiences
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Ex: E3 expo - video games People are dressed up in costumes, get to experience the games & interact with characters
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Integrated marketing approach
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*Corporate sponsorship, advertising, public relations, hospitality, ticket sales, broadcasting *Long-term strategic planning to manage functions in a consistent manner
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The role of hospitality
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*Providing a satisfying experience for all stakeholders of the event *Builds relationships with current customers
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Types of agencies
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*Full Service - complete set of agency functions *Specialized - limit scope of services or type of clients serviced *In-house - separate department or divisions dealing with management within a corporation
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Volunteer management
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*Determine needs - numbers, qualifications, type of work *Recruitment & training & keep morale high *Most events need volunteers to run smoothly
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Current trends in sponsorship and event management
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*Events have become increasingly dependent on sponsorship *Sponsorship fell but is currently rising (booming) *Sponsorship dollars to supersede ticket revenue by 2015
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Current trends with agencies
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Vertical Integration - effort of an agency to control an entire event, including the athlete, sponsorship and media rights
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Action Sports
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*Niche sports suffer from lack of exposure because appeal to a specific group/sector *Ex: sailing, skiing, etc.
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Non-traditional revenue concept
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Generating $$ without using advertisements - EVENTS
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