Comparative Criminal Justice Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
the united states and indigenous courts
answer
indigenous courts are present in the US on Native American Reservation and in some remote areas
question
whatever the reality of courts operations in a society, most agree that a court should have 2 basic characteristics to function properly
answer
judicial independence and judicial impartiality
question
4 general characteristics of legit professionals in developed societies
answer
-adjudicators -advocates -legit advisors -legal scholars
question
common method of judge selection
answer
appointment
question
which legal professional is akin to paralegal in the US and are legally trained individuals who work outside the courtroom to advise and instruct individuals who have legal problems or needs, both criminal and civil?
answer
legal advisors
question
Bureaucratically based systems are
answer
found in civil law systems (rational)
question
which countries displays the clearest example of a politically oriented system
answer
England and China
question
which general type of courts answers appeals from lower courts
answer
courts of first/intermediate appeal
question
which general types of court are the major trial courts that have jurisdiction over any cases involving criminal law and sometimes civil law
answer
court of general jurisdiction
question
what are the courts of general jurisdiction for serious crimes in England called
answer
crown court
question
courts of last resort in france are called
answer
court of cassation
question
3 types of courts that exist in Germanys judicial system
answer
-ordinary courts -specialized courts -constitutional courts
question
the presumption of innocence, the exclusionary rule, protection against self -incrimination, the right to trial by jury and protection against being tried twice of the same offense are absent in what country
answer
chinese criminal justice
question
what is the longest running and most permanent supranational court
answer
international court of justice
question
which countries support the international criminal courts
answer
US, china and russia do not support all other do
question
USA has experienced a boom in building prisons and implementing longer sentences for drugs crimes and crimes of violence. This illustrates the US tendency towards what as a purpose of punishment?
answer
incapacitation
question
what are the purposes of criminals sanctions
answer
-retribution -rehabilitation -restoration -incapacitation -deterrence
question
criminal sanctions practiced in over model countries
answer
-retribution: japan, china, saudi arabia, USA -rehabilitation: all -deterrence: saudi arabia, USA -incapacitation: england, france , germany, USA -restoration: all except saudi arabia
question
model country that uses deterrence
answer
saudi arabia (&USA)
question
noncustodial sanctions
answer
legal sanctions handed out to offenders that do not require time served in a correctional facility. (alternative to jail)
question
the noncustodial sanction most closely resembling incarceration is
answer
house arrest
question
forms of supervising offenders in the community
answer
probation
question
"get tough on crime" strategies
answer
-mandatory sentencing laws -sentencing guidelines -transfer of juveniles -3 strikes law -truth in sentencing -life without parole
question
the international trend relative to the death penalty
answer
abolition of the death penalty
question
the world millennium study conducted by gallup
answer
reflects that the majority of people living in the world today (52%) support the death penalty
question
what is flow design
answer
measuring the number of people in prison over a period of time
question
according to the international reports such as amnesty international which country executes more people than all other countries combined
answer
china
question
possible reasons for why the US appears to be moving towards abolition of the death penalty
answer
-pressure from international community -the inmates might actually be innocent -americans public attitudes have change
question
limits of international prison data
answer
-countries fail to report -lie -definition problems -sentence length
question
penal populism
answer
criminal justice policies that are designed to appeal to the public appetite for punitiveness with little concern for program effectiveness or clear understanding of community views.
question
in england, secular houses of correction that housed prostitutes ,vagrants, debtors and other minor criminal in 1500
answer
bridewells
question
the goals of sentencing that prison seem to achieve are
answer
retribution and incapacitation
question
a noncustodial sanction available in france
answer
-fines -suspended sentences -community service -probation
question
issues that home security Michael Howard addressed in england relative to the "prison works" slogan
answer
-the rise in the use of custodial sanctions by courts -increase in the length of sentences -increase in the time served by those in remand prisons
question
what is the name of the agency in england that coordinates in 10 geographical regions in services of both the prison system and the probation service so inmates who are leaving prison are supervised and provided with the best release possible
answer
National Offender Management Service
question
Which german legislation sets forth all of the principles and methods to be practiced in german correctional facilities
answer
prison act of 1976/code on the execution of prison sentences
question
features that strongly support the heavy use of rehabilitative philosophy in germany
answer
-unique environmental conditions -extensive work and training opportunities -community integration programs
question
example of a crime that one can be put into administrative detention for in china
answer
-disturbing the public order -breaking and entering -carrying a weapon -theft -traffic offenses -prostitution -gambling -disturbing porn -drugs
question
the english term terrorism
answer
regime term terrorism
question
what has ideological terrorism morphed into that we continue to deal with today
answer
religious terrorism
question
one of the ways that the new style of terrorism is different than the pre 9/11 style of terrorism
answer
-new terrorist are more difficult to detect -New terrorist are more violent -new terrorist are more transnational -new terrorists are better financed -new terrorist better trained -new terrorist hierarchical structure is less likely to be infiltrated -new terrorists have more access to weapons of mass destruction -new terrorists are less likely to be defeated
question
terrorism
answer
describe behavior by groups or individuals to support a cause or destabilize governments/occupying forces
question
2 general types of terrorism
answer
domestic and international
question
a terroristic act that id directed at a specific goal that is easy to articulate and understand such as overthrow political command within ones own country
answer
domestic terrorism
question
patterns of global terrorism annual report
answer
transnational terrorism information by year, region, and about terrorist groups
question
an individual has been held in a correctional facility for 3 years for disturbing the public order. He has never had trial. What country is he in?
answer
China
question
what is the commonly used sanctions for crimes in Japan?
answer
Fines
question
the use of arbitrary arrest and incarceration, torture and corporal and capital punishment have been said to be common in both criminal and political cases in which of our model countries
answer
saudi arabia
question
incarceration rates of our model countries
answer
USA 730, China 121
question
in what federal case was it decided that prisoners could sue state officials over prison conditions, poor treatment , or denial of basic rights in the US?
answer
Cooper vs Pate
question
The crime control model assumes that criminal behavior can be controlled by
answer
more incarceration and other forms of strict supervision in the community
question
key issues of concern within the japanese prison system
answer
-unflattering reports about the treatment of offenders -growing number of inmates who are members of gangs or organized crime groups -inmates are coming in with drug abuse and mental health problems
question
jihad
answer
holy war
question
state sponsored terrorism
answer
practiced by governments against their own citizens or another country in order to protect their own political, economic , or military interest
question
which of the following does track or report terrorist activity or events
answer
-global terrorism database -RAND - the memorial institute of the prevention of terrorism -ITERATE -NCTC (national counter terrorism center) -WITS(worldwide incidents tracking system)
question
as of july 2012 one of the countries that have been designated by the united states as state sponsors of terrorism
answer
-cuba -iran -sudan -syria
question
3 legal conditions that must be present to receive the designation of being a terrorist group
answer
-must be foreign -group must engage in terrorist activity -group's activity must threaten the security of the US
question
1st option of dealing with terrorism
answer
dealing with terrorism within the confines of a foreign policy
question
largest terrorist threat of the 21st century
answer
cyber terrorism
question
the good friday accord was an agreement signed by which of the following parties
answer
british/irish (catholic/protestant)
question
La cosa nostra
answer
groups of organized crime families (mafias)
question
examples of provision of illicit goods and service
answer
-gambling -lending money -sex -narcotics -stolen property -loansharking
question
the infiltration of business or government is characterized by the following
answer
-exploitation -consumer and business fraud -extortion by computer and corruption using intimidation
question
what enforces contracts with organized crime circles
answer
the use of violence
question
triads and tongs are examples of organized crime groups within which ethnicity
answer
Chinese
question
"Yakuza"
answer
organized crime group in japan. name means worse possible hand in a japanese card game
question
which of the following is one of the structures and organizations that the United Nations survey found
answer
-rigid hierarchy -devolved hierarchy -hierarchical conglomerate -core criminal group organized criminal network
question
which of the following is the most significant reason that organized crime as become an international problem
answer
globalization of the world economy
question
child soldiers prevention act
answer
-signed into law in the US in 2008 limits the age at which a child can fight
question
trafficking in persons act, tier 3
answer
countries whose government do not fully comply with the acts minimum standard and are not making significant effort to do so suffer with holding of non humanitarian foreign assistance
question
cyber crime
answer
the misuse of computers and the internet to carry out criminal activity
question
which of the following reports the lowest level of fraud
answer
japan
question
highest corruption
answer
france
question
best example of international cooperation against organized crime, which is the 1st international instrument of its kind
answer
United Nation Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
question
Hawala
answer
underground paperless banking system in which money is deposited in one country with a trusted broker in another country
question
a criminal act is committed by a person under the legal age
answer
delinquency
question
what is the most universally accepted age of adult criminal responsibility
answer
18
question
status offense
answer
acts for which only juveniles can be held liable
question
self reports have been consistent in finding that most juveniles
answer
break the law at one time but that only a small proportion engage on persistent/serious criminal behavior
question
due process in juvenile justice
answer
rights under law and thereby ensuring, among other rights, fair and equitable hearing procedures
question
youth aid section
answer
national police unit of trained officers that diverts more than half of young offenders out of the justice system
question
juvenile justice adjudication initiatives involves achieving consensus regarding whether or not juveniles court records can be use after the juvenile reaches adulthood?
answer
use of juvenile record
question
international standards relating to juvenile delinquency pertains to the standards of treatment of persons under the age of 18 when confined to any institution or facility by the order of a court or similar body
answer
rules for the protection of juveniles deprived of their liberty
question
International standards relating to juvenile delinquency, defines a child as a person under the age of 18 and established many protections
answer
convention on the rights of the child
question
what have estimates put the number of juveniles world wide that are in custody
answer
1 million
question
3 principles that must be followed if delinquency prevention is to be more effectively sought
answer
-learning from the past -evaluation of existing efforts -greater imagination in handling juveniles
question
which of the model countries distinguishes between 3 types of juvenile misconduct under the law: juveniles between 14-20, offenders under 14, and juveniles who commit status offenses
answer
japan
question
bangjiao and work study schools
answer
nonjudicial approach fro juvenile rehabilitation in china
question
a simple definition of a ______ is that it is an agency with power to settle disputes in a society
answer
court
question
a principle that holds that courts and judges are bound to the law and should make decisions without being under the influence, direct or indirect of other governmental or political structures
answer
judicial independence
question
system based on non-rational factors such as appointment by political leaders and election by the people
answer
politically based systems
question
International ______ are generally temporary bodies that are organized to judge persons for their behavior during a specific time for a specific event
answer
tribunals
question
refers to fundamental norms that are recognized on the international level as having status superior to other norms
answer
jus cogens
question
involves the offender being transformed into a law abiding person through programs of medical, psychological , economic or educational improvement
answer
rehabilitation
question
restoration involves the ______, ______, and ______ working together to restore the victim and the community to it previous state.
answer
community ,victim and offender
question
In china, prisoners are subject to institutions called _____ which are believed to promote "thought reform through labor."
answer
laogar
question
any sentence in which a persons body is subjected to physical pain such as flagging, mutilation, electric shock or branding
answer
corporal punishment
question
_____ designs measure data at one point in time, whereas _________ designs measure data over a period of time
answer
stock deign flow design
question
represent a way to bring outsiders into the prisons to help with problems of administration and discipline.
answer
Independent Monitoring boards
question
if we compare the use of noncustodial sanctions in england, france and germany , we can see that ______ is clearly the leader in the use of such sanctions
answer
Germany
question
among the most controversial of the educational and reform methods used in chinese correctional facilities are program that promote
answer
thought reform
question
the single most pressing problem faced by prison systems across the world
answer
prison crowding
question
in 1955, the __________ developed what had become the most well known of prison guidelines, the standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners
answer
united nations
question
a method of warfare used by one side in a conflict or war when it believes it lacks military power and so must use strategy that differ from conventional warefare
answer
asymmetrical warfare
question
defined as terrorist activity committed by individuals or groups who may or may not be formally connected to a loose, cell based organization structure, with religious motivations, using asymmetrical warfare tactics to achieve ideological goals
answer
new terrorism
question
the activities by government against their own citizens or other countries is called
answer
state sponsored terrorism
question
the use of political and economic pressure, negotiation and compromise rather than violence to solve conflicts between nations or groups
answer
foreign policy
question
nuclear, chemical or biological weapons that by their nature cane cause mass causalities and extensive property damges
answer
weapons of mass destruction
question
continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand
answer
organized crime
question
the misuse of computer and the internet to carry out criminal activity
answer
cyber terrorism
question
defined as abuse of a position of power for illegitimate private gains
answer
corruption
question
the ________ produced by transparency international examines the perception of the business persons and analysts both inside and out of 190 countries worldwide
answer
corruption perception index
question
it has been observed that the rise of ___________ is unfortunate by product of globalization, through which technological advances and lower barriers to trade have created seamless electronic environment ad empowered new classes of actors which by pass nation states
answer
transnational organized crime
question
acts for which only juveniles can be held liable
answer
status offenses
question
represents proactive approach to delinquency involving the roles of family, school, the community, media, social policy, legislation and the juvenile justice administration
answer
guidelines for the prevention of juvenile delinquency
question
children should be ______ from the formal system wherever appropriate and specifically to avoid being labeled as criminals
answer
diverted
question
in schools, interventions that target change in the social context appear to be ________on average, than those that attempt to change individual; attitudes skills and risk behavior.
answer
more effective
question
most juveniles are arrest for _________crimes
answer
crimes against property
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New