The classical view of categorization cognitive prototypes
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vegetables, fruit, and animals are all examples of ______, or categories of objects
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concepts
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a recent study has shown that for a group of individuals with _____, computerized cognitive exercises that placed increasing demands on auditory perception were beneficial
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schizophrenia
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recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of ______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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cognitive universalism
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language allows people to _____ and _____
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communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity
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making a list of all the ways one could use a butter knife requires______
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divergent thinking
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the term that refers to the mental activity that takes place in the brain when a person is processing information, and includes things such as problem solving, communication, and organization of material, is _____
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cognition
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algorithms always result in a _____ solution
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correct
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examples of algorithms
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mathematical formulas
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writing a term paper may best be approached by _____
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subgoals
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strategies to stimulate divergent thinking include _____
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brainstorming, keeping a journal, and subject mapping
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Csikszentmihalyi found that _____
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creative people are not necessarily unconventional in all aspects of their lives
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a mental image that is larger and covers more distance takes _____ to view than one that is smaller and more compact
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longer
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intelligence testing began in France because French educators wanted _____
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a way to identify students in need of more help with learning
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the higher one's degree of practical intelligence, the _____ likely that person will succeed in an academic setting
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less
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_____ is a developmental delay related to living in poverty and one that usually produces relatively mild intellectual disabilities
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familial retardation
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when the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale requires a subject to recall a mixed list of numbers in correct ascending order, it is testing _____
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working memory
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Sternberg's 3 types of intelligence are _____
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analytical, creative, and practical
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standard deviation is the average variation of scores from the _____
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mean
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_____ is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, and is a biological cause of intellectual disablity
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fragile x syndrome
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mental images
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mental representation that stands for objects or events and have a picture-like quality
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concept
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ideas that represent a class of group of objects, events, or activities and share common characteristics
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formal concepts
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concepts formed by learning the specific rules of features that define it -many acquired in school
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natural concepts
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concepts formed as a result of people's experience in the the real world
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prototype
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example that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept -from exposure to objects or knowledge a person has about objects in a category
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decision making
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process of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
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problem solving
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thoughts and actions required to achieve a certain goal
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trial-and-error
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trying one possible outcome after another until finding one that works -mechanical solutions
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algorithms
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systematic step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem -e.g., mathematical formula
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insight
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solution seems to suddenly come to mind
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heuristics
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educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down possible solutions -\"rule of thumb\"
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representativeness heuristic
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categorizes objects and associates them with other objects in a category
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availability heuristic
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estimation of frequency or likelihood of an event based on how we remember it
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working backwards/subgoals
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can be used together, but don't have to be
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irrelevant information
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barrier to effective problem solving
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functional fixedness
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thinking of an object only in terms of their most common uses
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mental sets
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tendency to focus on solving a problem using a strategy that worked in the past
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confirmation bias
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tendency to search for evidence that only supports our preconceptions while ignoring evidence to the contrary
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creativity
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ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
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convergent thinking
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problem is seen as having only 1 solution and all lines lead to 1 single answer by using previous knowledge and logic
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divergent thinking
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person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibilities based on that point
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language
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open (free to change) and symbolic communication system that has rules of grammar and allows its users to express abstract and distant ideas
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phonemes
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smallest distinctive unit of sound -\"chat\" (ch-a-t)
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morpheme
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smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or part of a word -plural \"s\" -pre-view-ed
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grammar
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set of rules that govern the structure and use of language
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semantics
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rules determining the meaning of words and sentences -\"ed\" means actions happened in the past
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syntax
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rules for ordering words into grammatically correct sentences
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pragmatics
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practical aspects of communicating with others, or social \"niceties\" of language -talking with friends vs. parents -taking turns -intonation
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linguistic relativity hypothesis (who?)
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thought processes in a culture are determined by language -Vygotsky
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cognitive universalism (who?)
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concepts are universal and influence the development of language -Piaget
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intelligence
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ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, and use resources to adapt to new situations of solve problems
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intelligence is a _____, not a _____
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concept; thing
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reifcation
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viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing
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Spearman's g theory
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intelligence is best characterized by a general capacity (reasoning and problem solving) -s factor: specific intelligence (music, business, art, etc.)
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Howard Gardner
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existence of 9 different kinds of intelligence based on intelligence and other abilities -e.g., verbal/linguistic, logical/mathematical, musical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist, etc.
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Robert Sternberg
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triarchic theory -analytical (book smarts), creative, practical (street smarts)
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emotional intelligence
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ability to perceive, understand, and use emotions
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assessing intelligence
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assessment of individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores (IQ)
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aptitude (IQ) test
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intended to predict ability to learn new skill
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achievement test
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intended to reflect what you have already learned
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Alfred Binet
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intelligence test that would predict children's future progress in Paris school system -expressed \"mental age\"
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Louis Terman
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adapted Binet's system for American school children and named it the Stanford-Binet test (IQ)
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David Wechsler
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developed WAIS (adult), WISC (children), and WPPSI (preschool and primary) scales
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test construction
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must be standard, reliable, and valid
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standardization of intelligence testing
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administration of test to representative sample using consistent methods
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Flynn effect
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1/3 point increase in average IQ score per year
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reliability of intelligence testing
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yields consistent result each time
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validity -content -predictive
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accuracy of test -content: extent a test measures to a particular behavior or trait that it's supposed to measure -predictive: function of test in predicting particular behavior or trait
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average IQ score
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100
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high IQ score
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135
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low IQ score
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70
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stereotype threat
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reduces performance of individuals who belong to negatively stereotyped groups
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schema
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mental generalizations of places or objects
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scripts
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involves familiar sequence of events
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IQ
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intelligence quotient -(mental age/chronological age)x100
