COMM FINAL CH. 6
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sex
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determined by biology
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androgynous
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having both male and female characteristics
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homophobic
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exhibiting a fear or dislike of gay people and/or being labeled/perceived as gay/lesbian
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ethnicity
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social classification based on a variety of factors, i.e. nationality, religion, language, and race, that are shared by a group of people with a common geographic origin
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masculine approach to communication
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-more instrumental (assertiveness/getting things done) -emphasis on content -focus on info (more WHAT not HOW) -attention on verbal message not so much nonverbal
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feminine approach to communication
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-more expressive (emphasis on connection with others, fostering harmonious relationships) -emphasis on relational element -focus on quality of relationships between communicators (not info being exchanged) -attention given to nonverbal (HOW not WHAT)
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gender
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culturally constructed/psychologically based perception of one's self (fem., masc, adr.)
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baby boomers
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1943-1960 -values personal fulfillment and optimism -crusade for causes -buy now/pay later -equal rights -work efficiently
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matures
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1925-1942 -work hard/quick -sense of duty -sense of what is right -willing to sacrifice
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gen X
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1961-1981 -live with uncertainty -balance is important -live for today -save -job = contract
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millennials
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1982-2002 -close to parents -feel \"special\" -goal oriented -team oriented -focus on achievement
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race
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genetically transmitted physical characteristics of a group of people (classified together because of a common history)
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discrimination
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the unfair or innapropraite treatment of people based on their group membership
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globalization
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the integration of economics and technology that is contributing to a worldwide, interconnected business environment
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culture
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a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people and shaped from one generation to the next
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co-culture
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a culture that exists within a larger cultural context (GLBT cultures, Amish)
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intercultural communication
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communication between people who have different cultural traditions
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culture shock
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feelings of confusion, loss, stress, and anxiety that a person may experience when encountering a culture different from his or her own
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worldview
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a perspective shared by a culture or group of people about key beliefs and issues, such as death, God, and the meaning of life, which influences interaction with others; the lens through which people in a given culture perceive the world around them
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high context cultures
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a culture in which people derive much info from nonverbal and environmental cues and less info from the words of a message
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low context cultures
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a culture in which people derive much info from the words of a message and less info from the nonverbal and environmental cues
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cultural values (5 cat.)
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1. individualism 2. power distribution 3. uncertainty avoidance 4. masculinity 5. orientation to time
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individualistic cultures
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a culture that values individual achievement and personal accomplishments
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collectivistic cultures
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a culture that places a high value on collaboration, teamwork, and group achievement
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decentralized power
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more comfortable with a broad distribution of power, leadership is not vested in one person (most likely more consensus not decree)
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centralized power
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more comfortable with a more structured form of government and with managerial styles that feature clear lines of authority (some people will have more power, control, and influence than others)
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uncertainty values
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more relaxed, informal expectations of others
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certainty values
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need certainty to feel secure (likely to develop and enforce more rigid rules for behavior and establish more elaborate codes of conduct)
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masculine cultures
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a culture that values achievement, assertiveness, heroism, material wealth, and traditional male and female roles
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feminine cultures
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a culture that values being sensitive towards other and fostering harmonious personal relationships with others
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long-term time orientation
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place an emphasis on the future and tend to value perseverance and thrift because these are virtues that pay off over a long period of time (greater willingness to subordinate oneself for a larger purpose)
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short-term time orientation
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values spending rather than saving (focus on immediate instead of future), tradition (value placed on past), and preserving \"face: of both self and others (making sure that an individual is respected and dignity is upheld) and expects results to soon follow actions *high value on social and status obligations*
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barriers to bridging differences and adapting to others
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assuming superiority, assuming similarity, assuming differences, stereotype/prejudice
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own cultural traditions and assumption are superior to those of others
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stereotypes
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to place a person or group of persons into an inflexible, all encompassing category
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prejudice
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a judgement of someone based on an assumption that you already know relevant facts or background info about the person
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adapting to others who are different from you (7 strat.)
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-seek info -ask questions and listen -tolerate ambiguity -be mindful -become other-oriented by socially decentering and empathizing with others -appropriately and ethically adapt communication to others
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stages of intercultural competence
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1. denial 2. defense 3. minimization 4. acceptance 5. adaptions 6. integration
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ethnocentric cultural perspectives
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the view that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures
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ethnorelative cultural perspectives
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an appreciation for and sensitivity to cultural differences
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mindfulness
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aware of what you are doing and how you are communicating with others
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other-oriented communication
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communication in which we focus on the needs and concerns of others while maintaining our personal integrity; achieved through the processes of socially decentering and being empathic
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egocentric
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focused on oneself and one's importance
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social decentering
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a cognitive process through which we take into account another person's thoughts, values, background, and perspectives
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sympathy
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an acknowledgement that someone is feeling a certain emotion, often grief; compassion
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empathy
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an emotional reaction that is similar to the reaction being experienced by another person
