Comm Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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nonverbal communication
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Nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning. Plays an important role in social interaction. Helps us express and interpret the verbal aspects of communication. Also influences how individuals interpret messages, especially those related to feelings, moods, and attitudes. Myths: 1) Nonverbal communication is more important than verbal communication. 2) Studying nonverbal communication will allow you to read a person like a book. 3) There is a science of lie-spotting and it is easy to train someone to be a human lie detector. Helps with integrating with verbal messages, forming impressions, defining relationships, structuring conversation, influencing and deceiving, and expressing emotions. Appearance, objects, environment, behavior in social settings.
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nonverbal behavior
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All the nonverbal actions people perform.
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Mehrabian study
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Three elements of face to face communication: verbal (words), vocal (speed/tone), and visual (body language: gestures/facial expressions). Found that facial expression more important than tone, and tone more important than words. Only focused on feelings (not on all aspects of communication). Only focused on women. Too simplistic. Not in a natural setting. Took two studies and mushed them together. Showed meaning is not just limited to the verbal message. Style, expression, tone, facial expression, and body language contribute to meaning.
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55% 38% 7% rule
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Mehrabian argued that 55% of communication is from facial expressions, 38% from paralinguistic cues (tone of voice, etc.), and 7% from the verbal message/words.
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nonverbal codes
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Distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use.
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kinesics
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Nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressions, and eye behavior. Body language.
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gestures
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Nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people's attention.
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illustrators
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Signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal messages.
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emblems
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Gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning.
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adaptors
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Gestures used to manage emotions (or satisfy personal needs).
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regulators
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Gestures used to control conversation.
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affect displays
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Conveys feelings, moods, and reactions.
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immediacy
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How close or involved people appear to be with each other.
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relaxation
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The degree of tension displayed by one's body.
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paralinguistics
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All aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, and stress. Voice qualities and vocalizations.
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voice qualities
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Qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the "music" of the human voice.
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vocalizations
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Uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language.
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chronemics
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The study of the way people use time as a message. Part of Time and Space. Varies across cultures. People can use time differently within a culture. Uses the strategic use of time. Spending time with a person signals importance. Gain psychological advantage.
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monochronically
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Engaging in one task or behavior at a time.
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polychronically
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Engaging in multiple activities simultaneously.
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expectancy violation theory
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States that when people violate our expectations, we tend to notice, become aroused, and attribute meaning to the violation, resulting in increased scrutiny and appraisal of the violator's behavior. We don't necessarily interpret and respond to these violations negatively. Communicator characteristics: person doing the violation. Relational characteristics: relationship to person doing the violation. Context: more appropriate to touch in some places than others.
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violation valence
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Association receiver places on the expectancy violation. Can be positive or negative.
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Johnson treatment
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President Lyndon B. Johnson would deliberately violate people's personal space to assert his power and intimidate them.
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proxemics
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The study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships, to communicate. Culture, gender, relationship to others, personality.
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intimate distance
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(0 to 18 inches) the space used when interacting with those with whom one is very close/intimate. Lovemaking, comforting, protecting. Not proper in public.
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personal distance
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(18 inches to 4 feet) the space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances. Interpersonal interaction.
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social distance
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(4 to 12 feet) the distance most U.S. Americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others. Impersonal business and interaction at a social gathering. Greater distance equals more formal relationships. Furniture/props maintain space.
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public distance
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(12 to 25 feet) the distance used for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances. Defensive action if threatened. Details of the face/eyes are lost.
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haptics
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The study of the communicative function of touch. The LEAST studied form of nonverbal communication. Infants/children need to be touched. Adults like to be touched. Dependent on culture.
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territoriality
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Personal territory (home, bedroom), space that is temporarily yours (office cubicle, gym locker), and public territory (park benches, walking trails, roads). Use of space to communicate ownership of areas/possessions.
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types of territories
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Primary territory (your exclusive space: desk, room, house, backyard), secondary territory (doesn't belong to you but is associated with you because you occupied them for a long time/were assigned to you: seat in class, table in cafeteria, carrel in the library), and public territory (open to all people: park, movie theater, restaurant).
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markers
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Central markers (items you place in a territory to reserve it), boundary markers (divide your territory from territory belonging to others), and earmarkers (indicate your ownership of a territory or object).
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central markers
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Items you place in a territory to reserve it.
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boundary markers
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Divide your territory from territory belonging to others.
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earmarkers
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Indicate your ownerships of a territory or object.
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professional touch
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Type of touch used by certain workers such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood; also known as functional touch. Least intimate type of touch.
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functional touch
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The least intimate type of touch; used by certain workers such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood; also known as professional touch.
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social-polite touch
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Touch that is part of daily interaction in the United States; it is more intimate that professional touch but is still impersonal. Handshake.
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friendship touch
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Touch that is more intimate than social-polite touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring.
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love-intimate touch
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The touch most often used with one's romantics partners and family.
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demand touching
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A type of touch used to establish dominance and power. Not always negative (boss or parent).
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artifacts
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Clothing and other accessories. Especially in the U.S. Ideas of what constitutes beauty depends on time period, culture, class, and other factors. Beauty is socially constructed, appearance matters (affects how others view us and how we view ourselves), and importance of artifacts (can amplify appearance and can be more than just clothes).
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communicating information
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Using nonverbal behaviors to help clarify verbal messages and reveal attitudes and moods. Repeat message, highlight/emphasize, reinforce/complement, contradict, substitute.
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regulating interaction
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Using nonverbal behaviors to help manage conversational interaction. Manage turn-taking in conversation. Interpersonal distance, body orientation, posture, gaze, facial expression, volume, and pitch.
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expressing and managing intimacy
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Using nonverbal behaviors to help convey attraction and closeness. Uses tie signs (symbols that communicate relationship status). Importance of context.
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tie signs
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Symbols that communicate relationship status. Moderately intimate: arm link. Intimate: hugging. Very intimate: touching heads. Importance of context.
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establishing social control
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Using nonverbal behavior to exercise influence over other people. 1) Nonverbal reciprocity: people respond to their partner's posture, gestures, other movements in social settings. Mimicry seems to increase liking and rapport. 2) Nonverbal complimentarity: people respond to another's nonverbal power moves with complementary responses. Encourages hierarchical relationships and helps maintain them.
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service-task functions
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Using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships and contexts. Nonverbal behaviors involved in intimacy are also present in service-task functions to serve an individual.
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nonverbal reciprocity
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People respond to their partner's posture, gestures, other movements in social settings. Mimicry seems to increase liking and rapport.
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nonverbal complimentarity
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People respond to another's nonverbal power moves with complementary responses. Encourages hierarchical relationships and helps maintain them.
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congruent
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Verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning.
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contradicting
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Verbal and nonverbal messages that send conflicting messages.
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What are the primary reasons for learning about nonverbal communication?
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Nonverbal messages are an important component of communication. They help you interpret and understand verbal messages and, in doing so, help you more effectively navigate your everyday life. Studying nonverbal communication is particularly important because they are complex and ambiguous.
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What is the difference between nonverbal behavior and nonverbal communication?
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Nonverbal communication is all the messages that people transmit through means other than words. To understand the meaning of a nonverbal message, you have to consider the entire behavioral context, including culture, relationship type, background knowledge, and gender.
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What roles does nonverbal communication play in social interaction?
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...
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What are the four factors that influence the meaning of nonverbal communication?
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Culture, relationship type, background knowledge, and gender.
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What are the five nonverbal codes?
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1) Kinesics (body language). 2) Paralinguistics (vocal qualities). 3) Chronemics and Proxemics (time and space). 4) Haptics (touch). 5) Appearance and artifacts.
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What are the four spheres/categories of space that humans use?
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Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance.
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What are the different kinds of touch?
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Professional/functional touch, social-polite touch, friendship touch, love-intimate touch, and demand touch.
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What are the five functions of nonverbal messages?
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1) Communicating information. 2) Regulating interaction. 3) Expressing and managing intimacy. 4) Exerting social control. 5) Performing service-task functions.
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What role does power play in nonverbal communication?
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Power relationships as well as societal norms and rules influence the range of nonverbal behaviors we are allowed to perform and how those behaviors are interpreted.
