COMM 210 BSU – Flashcards
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What are the different levels of communication
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- Intrapersonal Communication - Interpersonal Communication - Group Communication - Public Communication - Mass-Mediated Communication
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Intrapersonal Communication
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communication with yourself
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Interpersonal Communication
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communication between 2 people
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Public Communication
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interaction of one individual with large groups of people
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Mass-Mediated Communication
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communication through technology
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Explain the two modes of Communication
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Dance's Helical Model Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR)
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Dance's Helical Model
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communication is ever changing, circular, expanding, and building upon the past. The bottom represents not knowing much because it is small, and the top represents knowing much about the people
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Source-Message-Channel-Receiver(SMCR)
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Source- Creates the message, Message- can be verbal or non verbal elements, Channel- how the message gets from the sender to the receiver, Receiver- brings previous attitudes, and decodes/translates the message
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Explain the fundamental principles of communication
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-Communication is circular - speaker and listener decode and encode -Communication is based on our perception - individual's way of understanding -Communication is irreversible -All communication must build on previous interaction
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What is communication apprehension?
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anxiety or fear of speaking in front of people
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What are ways to overcome CA
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-Cognitive Restructuring- Coping Statement -Systematic Sensitization- Slow exposure -Visualization- Mental rehearsal of the script -Physical exercise and stress reduction -Interpersonal support -Skills training -Deep abdominal breathing
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What are the intrapersonal processe
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-Frame of Reference -Creativity -Imagined communication -Risk-taking Behavior -Cognitive Patterns -Computer science
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Frame of Reference
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the way you view the world
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Creativity
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Visualizing something in an innovative way
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Imagined Communication
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talking to yourself as if you are another person
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Risk-taking Behavior
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willingness to take risks
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Cognitive Patterns
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the way you structure and interpret messages
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Computer science
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use of personal computers
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What is the difference between listening and hearing
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when you hear you are not comprehending, when you listen you are receiving and interpreting the speakers message
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Explain the process of listening
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you need to be able to take the frequencies, duration, and volume of sound waves you hear and attach meaning to them
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What are the different types of listening
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-Passive listening -Selective listening -Listening for pleasure -Listening for therapy -Listening for comprehension -Listening for evaluation
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Listening fo pleasure
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listening for the fun of it
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Listening as therapy
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when a friend has a problem and they tell you about it
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Passive listening
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no effort to listen
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Listening for comprehension
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when you listen to a professor intently
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Listening for evaluation
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trying to find out if the speech is true/false
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How do we improve our listening
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Note-taking, preview/review, concentration, interaction, consider the context, nonverbal cues, and ideas
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What are the 3 types of audience analysis
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Psychological, Demographic, and Situation & Occasion
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Psychological Analysis
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involves considering the impact of beliefs, attitudes, and values on the behavior of listeners
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Demographic Analysis
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the speaker considers the importance of such characteristics of the audience, gender, age, education level, occupational experiences, economic class, religion, regional background, and ethnicity.
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Situation & Occasion
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speaker needs to take into account the size of the audience, the characteristics of the physical environment, and the nature of the speaking occasion.
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What are some ways to conduct an audience analysis
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Observation, Interviews, and Surveys
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Explain the different types of audiences
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Friendly audience, hostile audience, neutral audience, apathetic audience
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Friendly audience
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on that is positively disposed toward the speaker's purpose
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hostile audience
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is one that is opposed to the speaker's purpose.
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Neutral audience
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one that is undecided about the speakers purpose
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Apathetic audience
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one that has no knowledge of or interest in the speaker's purpose
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What is the difference between a self-centered and audience-centered speaker
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-Self-centered speakers focus on issues important to them, act as if everyone has had same experiences as them, lack respect for diversity, and are self-conscious -Audience-centered speakers look at goals of the audience, such as what does the audience want/need to hear, how does the message pertain to the audience, they try to understand experiences of the listeners ,and respect diversity
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What are the 5 patterns of organization
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-Topical -Chronological Order -Spatial -Causal -Problem-Solution
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Topical
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Categories
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Chronological Order
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happened longest ago to most recent
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Spatial
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Location/geography
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Causal
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causes and effects
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Problem-Solution
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nature of the problem and the way to solve it
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Explain the compenets of a speech
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-Introduction -Body -Conclusion
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Introduction
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attention grabber, credibility, thesis statement, and preview points
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Body
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3 main point all with developmental material
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Conclusion
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summarize key points, make memorable, and make final appeal
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how do you relate support to ideas
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-Didactic Method -Inductive Method
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Didactic Method
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teach it to the audience
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Inductive Method
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presents support first then draws a conclusion from that
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What are the types of transitions
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-Nonverbal/Verbal -Signposts -Internal summaries & previews
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When do you use a Nonverbal/Verbal transition
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between ideas use words
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When do you use a Signpost transition
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alert listener to new idea
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When do you use an Internal Summaries & previews transition
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main points, interjections emphasize main points by drawing attention.
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What are the different methods of delivery
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-Extemporaneous Speaking -Impromptu -Speaking from Manuscript -Speaking from Memory
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Extemporaneous Speaking
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prepared presentation byt delivered spontaneously
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Impromptu
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of the top of your head
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Speaking from Manuscript
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write out presentation and deliver word for word
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Speaking from Memory
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deliver manuscript without notes
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What are the vocal elements of delivery
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-Volume -Articulation -Pronunciation -Rate -Pitch -Quality
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Volume
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speak loud enough to be heard
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Articulation
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enunciate, produce vowel and consonant sounds clearly
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Pronunciation
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appropriate sounds of a word in an accepted order
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Rate
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number of words spoken in one minute
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Pitch
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how high or how low you speak
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Quality
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unique characteristics of a speakers voice
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Explain the bodily elements of delivery
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-Posture -Movement -Gestures -Facial Expression -Eye Contact
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Posture
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the way you stand
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Movement
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purposeful movement, no rocking
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Gestures
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hand movements to reinforce the message
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Facial Expression
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reflect the meaning of the message
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Eye Contact
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enhances ability to create a more favorable image
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What are the environmental/situational elements of delivery
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-Personal appearance -Time -Amplification -Physical Environment
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Personal appearance
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look nice/presentable
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Time
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know our time limit, don't go to long or to short
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Amplification
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be prepared for situations in need of microphone use
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Physical Environment
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make environment as conductive as possible
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Why do we practice for our speeches
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make us more familiar/ comfortable with the material, visualize audience more, can test your plans for visual aids, and find out how long your speech is
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Why do we outline
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helps us organize information, refine phrasing of key ideas, to promote clarity, to identify where to help the listener by providing transitions, and helps us prepare useful speaking notes
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What are the elements of an outline
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-Purpose Statement -Central idea (thesis) -Introduction of the presentation -Conclusion of the presentation -Transitions -Reference list (bibliography) -Title
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Why are the different types of outlines
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-Word Outline -Phrase Outline -Sentence Outline -Complete Content Outline
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Word Outline
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contains the key topics contained in a speech
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Phrase Outline
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uses sentence fragments for an outline
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Sentence Outline
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contains complete sentences for each point in the outline
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Complete Content Outline
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manuscript of a speech written in outline form
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What are the steps in preparing an effective outline
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1.Write the topic 2.Jot down all your ideas in complete sentences 3.Select out key ideas and identify your thesis 4.Select appropriate organization pattern for the main points 5.Arrange the main ideas in your chosen pattern 6. Identify the main points that must be developed with sub points 7. Arrange the sets of sub points in appropriate organization patterns 8.Chose forms of support to develop the ideas that you have not developed with other ideas 9. Identify the best way to introduce and conclude the body of the message 10.Add transitions 11. Prepare the reference list or bibliography 12. Examine and overlook the outline
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What is step 1 in preparing an effective outline
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write the topic
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What is step 2 in preparing an effective outline
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Jot down all your ideas in complete sentences
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What is step 3 in preparing an effective outline
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Select out key ideas and identify your thesis
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What is step 4 in preparing an effective outline
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Select appropriate organization pattern for the main points
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What is step 5 in preparing an effective outline
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Arrange the main ideas in your chosen pattern
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What is step 6 in preparing an effective outline
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Identify the main points that must be developed with sub points
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What is step 7 in preparing an effective outline
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Arrange the sets of sub points in appropriate organization patterns
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What is step 8 in preparing an effective outline
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Choose forms of support to develop the ideas that you have not developed with other ideas
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What is step 9 in preparing an effective outline
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identify the best way to introduce and conclude the body of the message
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What is step 10 in preparing an effective outline
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Add transitions
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What is step 11 in preparing an effective outline
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Prepare the reference list or bibliography
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What is step 12 in preparing an effective outline
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Examine and overlook the outline
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What types of outlines work best for the formal/preparation outline
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Sentence outline, and Complete Content Outline
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How do you construct effective speaking notes
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-Use combination of words, phrases, and sentences that help you remember the content of your speech -Reminders about your delivery -Form and Format of your notes should be effective
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What are the components of effective intros/conclusions
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-I.N.T.R.O. -D.O.N.E.
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I.N.T.R.O.
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Interest, Need, Topic, Reliability, Overview
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D.O.N.E.
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Direction, Overview, Need, Excitement
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What is the function of your introduction
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Gain attention, Develop interest and involvement, Strengthen credibility, and prepare the audience
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How can you build in interest in your speech
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make your purpose clear, and let them know how they will benefit from the presentation
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how do you establish credibility
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use in-text citation, tell them how long you've known that information, or how long you have been researching the topic
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What are some tips for creating effective introduction and conclusion
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-use a relevant story , statistic, or quotation -Refocus the attention on the topic, and refer back to the original statement from introduction.
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Describe the effective use and purpose of visual aids
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You want slides with only small amounts of information so the audience pays attention to you. Visual aids help keep the audience focused on your topic and not on other things going on
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What are the principles of informing
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-Simplicity -Clarity -Credibility -Interest
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What is simplicity and how do we work to incorporate this into speeches
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Simplify the material so that the audience can grasp the information in the allotted time. We use clear main points to simplify the speech
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What is the seven-plus-or-minus-two rule
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Most individuals can remember no more than 5 to 9 pieces of unrelated information.
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Explain the elements of credibility
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-Competence -Trustworthiness -Dynamism
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Competence
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Listeners will spend energy require to learn the material if the speaker knows much on the topic
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Trustworthiness
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illustrate the value of the material
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Dynamism
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be energetic and responsive when delivering your speech
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How do we add clarity of language use
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use language appropriate to the level you are speaking to, select forms of support that promote comprehension and retention among the audience
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How do you build interest in your topic
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Show the audience ways the presentation will benefit them and have the listeners participate in the presentation
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What is the order of informative speech preparation
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-Introduction -Body -Conclusion
