question

Chapter 11

answer

...

question

1)Select and narrow topic

answer

consider the audience; who are your listeners and what do they expect; consider the occasion- what is the reason for the speech; consider your own interests and skills; what are your strengths

question

Identify purpose:

answer

decide whether your general purpose is to inform, persuade or entertain, or a combination of these goals; decide upon your specific purpose- what do you want your listeners to be able to do after you finish your speech; use your specific purpose to guide you in connecting your message to your audience

question

Develop central idea:

answer

state your central idea for your speech in one sentence; offer a single idea using clear, specific language; relate your idea to your audience

question

Generate main ideas:

answer

determine whether your central idea can be supported with logical divisions; determine whether your central idea can be supported with reasons for why the idea is true; determine whether your central ideas can be supported with a series of specific steps; gather information about your audience by asking questions or more formally surveying your listeners; summarize, analyze, and evaluate the information you gather; appropriately adapt your message to your listeners- use the information to adapt ideas to people and people to ideas

question

Gather supporting materials:

answer

remember that most of what you say in a speech consists of supporting material such as stories, descriptions, definitions, analogies, statistics, and opinion; identify useful sources for supporting material, such as your personal experience, the internet, interviews, news events, and traditional library sources; use supporting material that clarifies your major ideas and holds your listeners attention

question

Organize speech:

answer

prepare speaking notes and practice them well in advance of your speaking date; rehearse your speech our loud, standing as you would stand while delivering your speech; practice with well-chosen visual aids that are big, simple and appropriate for your audience

question

Rehearse speech:

answer

outline your main ideas by topics, chronologically, spatially, cause to effect, or problem and solution; develop your conclusion and your introduction; use signposts to clarify the overall structure of your message

question

Deliver speech:

answer

look at your listeners as individuals; use movement and gestures to fit your natural style of speaking; speak with vocal volume and variation so that you can be heard and maintain interest

question

Audience-centered public speaker

answer

: someone who considers and adapts to the audience at every stage of the presentational speaking process

question

Knowing how to develop a speech

answer

: just knowing what you need to do to develop an effective speech can boost your confidence in being able to do it

question

Being prepared:

answer

thorough preparation that includes realistic rehearsal will increase your confidence when the time comes to deliver your speech

question

Focusing on your audience:

answer

the more you concentrate on your audience, the less you attend to your own nervousness

question

Focusing on your message:

answer

once you are speaking, maintain your focus on your message and your audience, rather than on your fears

question

Giving yourself a mental pep talk:

answer

tell yourself that you will deliver the speech good and you won't be nervous

question

Using deep-breathing techniques:

answer

take a few slow, deep breaths before you get up to speak

question

Seeking opportunities to speak:

answer

as you gain public speaking experience, you will feel more in control of your nervousness

question

Seeking professional help:

answer

if none of the above strategies work ask your instructor for help

question

Considering the audience:

answer

who are the members of your audience; what interests and needs do they have in common; why did they ask you to speak

question

Occasion: what is the occasion for which you are speaking

answer

...

question

Personal interests and experiences:

answer

exploring your own interests, attitudes, and experiences may suggest topics about which you know a great deal and feel passionately and result in a presentation that you can deliver with every and genuine enthusiasm

question

General purpose:

answer

the broad reason for giving a speech; to inform, to persuade, or to entertain an audience

question

Specific purpose:

answer

a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the speech

question

5)

answer

Specific purpose: a concise statement of what listeners should be able to do by the time the speaker finishes the speech

question

Central idea:

answer

a definitive point about a topic

question

Accountability:

answer

find out what organization or individual is responsible for the website

question

Accuracy:

answer

sources of facts should be documented on a website just as they are in a print source

question

Objectivity:

answer

you need to know who has posted the site; the more objective the author, the more credible the facts and information

question

Date:

answer

at the bottom of many sites is information about when the site was posted and when it was last updated

question

Usability:

answer

frames, graphics, and multimedia resources can enhance a site, or they can simply complicate it

question

Sensitivity to diversity:

answer

a diversity-sensitive website will be free of bias against either gender, ethnic, racial, or sexual-preference subgroup, and people with disabilities

question

Periodical:

answer

a popular magazine or professional journal

question

Newspapers:

answer

information that is only hours old by reading the latest edition

question

Reference resources:

answer

material housed in the reference section of a library, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, directories, atlases, almanacs, yearbooks, books of quotations, and biographical dictionaries

question

Government documents:

answer

material published by the government, including records of official proceedings, pamphlets, texts of speeches, and statistical data

question

Illustrations:

answer

a story or anecdote that provides an example of an idea, issue, or problem the speaker is discussing

question

Descriptions and explanations:

answer

a word picture and statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present or past form

question

Definitions:

answer

a statement of what something means

question

Analogies:

answer

a comparison between two ideas, things, or situations that demonstrates how something unfamiliar is similar to something the audience already understands

question

Statistics:

answer

numerical data that summarize examples

question

Opinions:

answer

the opinions of others can add authority, drama, and style to a speech

question

Principal 1:

answer

give yourself a pep talk before getting up to speak; consider your own interests and experiences when searching for a topic; remember that the most effective illustrations are often personal ones

question

Principal 2:

answer

focus on your message to help manage speaker anxiety; search for topics on the web, media, books; word your specific purpose in terms of your audience to help you keep your focus on them; make sure your central idea reflects a single topic, is a complete declarative sentence, and uses specific language; consider the accountability, accuracy, objectivity, date, usability, and sensitivity to diversity of verbal material you find on websites; look beyond Wikipedia for sources; be sure that your illustrations are directly relevant to the idea or point they are supposed to support; make your illustrations vivid and specific; avoid too many descriptions and explanations; keep descriptions and explanations brief; describe and explain in specific and concrete language; make your definitions readily understandable, and be certain they accurately reflect how you use the word or phrase in the speech; round off statistics to make them more readily understandable; cite unbiased authorities; cite opinions that are representative of prevailing opinion; quote or paraphrase accurately and in context; use literary quotations sparingly; integrate oral citations of your sources into your speech

question

Principal 3:

answer

remember that the physical symptoms of speaker anxiety are rarely visible to an audience; consider the accountability, accuracy, objectivity, date, usability, and sensitivity to diversity of pictures and graphics you find on websites; use visual aids to present statistics

question

Principal 4:

answer

seek out information about your audience and how they are likely to respond to your message to increase your comfort with speaking in public; listen to topic ideas in the course of casual conversation with friends

question

Principal 5:

answer

revise your ideas or strategies at any point in the speech-preparation process, as you seek out and learn more about your audience; be audience-centered to reduce speaker anxiety; be sensitive to and adapt to the diversity of your audience; consider your audience's interests and expectations as you select the topic for your speech; keep in mind your audience's knowledge, interests, and expectations as you select supporting material for your speech; use illustrations with which your audience can identify, consider making your audience members part of the scenario in a hypothetical illustration; make the similarity between the two things compared in a figurative analogy apparent to your audience

question

Chapter 12

answer

...

question

Chronological:

answer

organization by time or sequence

question

Topical:

answer

organization determined by the speaker's discretion or by recency, primacy, or complexity

question

Spatial:

answer

organization according to location, position, or direction

question

Cause/effect:

answer

organization by discussing a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects

question

Problem/solution:

answer

organization by discussing first a problem and then various solutions

question

Chronologically:

answer

organization by time or sequence

question

Recency:

answer

most important material last

question

Primacy:

answer

most convincing or least controversial material first

question

Complexity:

answer

from simple to more complex material

question

Specificity:

answer

from specific information to general overview or from general overview to specific information

question

Soft to hard evidence

answer

from hypothetical illustrations and opinions to facts and statistics

question

Initial preview:

answer

first statement of the main ideas of a speech, usually presented with or near the central idea

question

Transitions:

answer

a word, phrase, or nonverbal cue that indicates movement from one idea to the next or the relationship between ideas

question

Final summaries:

answer

a recap of all the main points of a speech, usually occurring just before or during the conclusion

question

Gaining attention:

answer

you have to use verbal messages effectively to wake up your listeners and make them want to hear more

question

Introducing topic:

answer

within the first few seconds of listening to you, your audience should have a pretty good idea of what your topic is

question

Creating a reason to listen:

answer

show the audience how your topic affects them and those they care about

question

Establishing credibility:

answer

a credible speaker is one whom the audience judges to be believable, competent, and trustworthy; you can increase your credibility by telling your audience about your experiences related to the speech

question

Previewing main ideas:

answer

previewing your main ideas allows your listeners to anticipate and begin to listen for those main ideas

question

Summarizing the speech:

answer

the conclusion offers a speaker a last chance to repeat his/her main ideas

question

Reemphasizing central idea:

answer

the conclusions of many famous speeches contain many of the lines we remember best

question

Motivating an audience response:

answer

if your purpose is to inform, you may want your audience to think about your topic or to seek more information about it; if your purpose is to persuade, you may want your audience to take some sort of action (write a letter, make a phone call, or volunteer for cause)

question

Providing closure:

answer

a sense that the speech is finished

question

Preparation outline:

answer

a detailed outline of a speech that includes the central ideas, main ideas, and supporting material, and may also include specific purpose, introduction, and conclusion

question

Speaking notes:

answer

your speaking notes should provide all the information you will need to make your speech as you have planned, without being so detailed that you will be tempted to read rather than speak to your audience

question

Suggestions for developing speaking notes:

answer

include your introduction and conclusion in abbreviated form, include supporting material and signposts, do not include your purpose statement, use standard outline form, include delivery cues

question

Principal 1

answer

use the introduction of your speech to help establish your own credibility, be aware of the skills, talents, and experiences you have that can enhance your credibility with your listeners; use a preparation outline to demonstrate to yourself that your main ideas are clearly related to your central idea and are logically and adequately supported

question

Principal 2:

answer

organize your speech logically to communicate your verbal message effectively; use verbal transitions to show relationships between ideas in your speech; introduce your topic and preview your main ideas in your introduction; use stories, examples, illustrations, statistics, a quotation, or other techniques to capture your listeners' attention when you begin your talk; in your conclusion, summarize your speech and reemphasize your main idea in a memorable way

question

Principal 3:

answer

use nonverbal transitions-pauses, facial expression, altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, and movement-to indicate when you are moving from one idea to the next; use nonverbal cues, such as pausing, slowing your rate of speech, and letting your vocal inflection fall, to signal that you are approaching the end of your speech; add delivery cues and reminders to your final speaking notes

question

Principal 4:

answer

as you listen to speeches, consider the cultural differences in the organization of speakers from cultures other than your own

question

Principal 5:

answer

investigate and consider suing the customary organizational strategy of your audience's culture; discuss last the idea that you most want your audience to remember; if you know your audience will be skeptical of some of your ideas, first present ideas on which you can agree; provide signposts as organizational cues for your audience; use your introduction and conclusion to help adapt your speech to your audience

question

Chapter 13

answer

...

question

Manuscript

answer

reading a speech from a written text

question

Memorized:

answer

delivering a speech word for word from memory without using notes

question

Impromptu:

answer

delivering a speech without advance preparation

question

Extemporaneous:

answer

speaking from a written or memorized outline without having memorized the exact wording of the speech

question

Concrete

answer

a word that refers to an object or describes an action or characteristic in the most specific way possible

question

Unbiased:

answer

a word that does not stereotype, discriminate against, or insult either gender or any racial, cultural, or religious group

question

Vivid:

answer

a colorful word

question

Simple:

answer

a short word known to most people who speak the language

question

Correct:

answer

a word that means what the speaker intends and is grammatically correct in the phrase or sentence in which it appears

question

Figurative

answer

language that deviates from the ordinary, expected meaning of words to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable

question

Metaphor:

answer

an implied comparison between two things

question

Simile:

answer

an overt comparison between two things that uses the word like or as

question

Personification:

answer

the attribution of human qualities to inanimate things or ideas

question

Drama:

answer

a characteristic of a speech created when something is phrased in a way that differs from the way the audience expects

question

Omission

answer

leaving out a word or phrase the audience expects to hear

question

Inversion

answer

reversing the normal work order of a phrase or sentence

question

Suspension

answer

withholding a key word or phrase until the end of a sentence

question

Cadence:

answer

the rhythm of language

question

Parallelism

answer

using the same grammatical structure for two or more clauses or sentences

question

Antithesis

answer

contrasting the meanings of the two parts of a parallel structure

question

Repetition

answer

emphasizing a key word or phrase by using it more than once

question

Alliteration:

answer

the repetition of a consonant sound (usually the first consonant) several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence

question

Eye contact

answer

looking at an audience during a speech; lets your audience know that you are interested in them and ready to talk to them

question

Physical delivery:

answer

a person's gestures, movement, and posture, which influence how a message is interpreted

question

Facial expressions:

answer

an arrangement of the facial muscles to communicate thoughts, emotions, and attitudes

question

Vocal delivery:

answer

nonverbal voice cues, including volume, pitch, rate, and articulation

question

Appearance:

answer

a speaker's dress and grooming

question

Types of speech aids:

answer

objects, models, people, drawings, photographs, maps, charts, graphs, DVDs, videotapes, streaming videos, CDs and MP3 files, computer-generated speech aids

question

Guidelines for preparing speech aids:

answer

select the right speech aids, make your speech aids easy to see, keep your speech aids simple, polish your speech aids

question

Guidelines for using speech aids:

answer

rehearse with your speech aids, maintain eye contact with your audience, not with your speech aids, explain your speech aids, time the display of your speech aids to coincide with your discussion of them, do not pass objects, pictures, or other small items among audience members, use handouts effectively, use small children and animals with caution, use technology thoughtfully

question

Principle 1

answer

if your subject is sensitive or your information classified, be cautious and noncommittal in any impromptu remarks you make; as you become increasingly comfortable rehearsing an extemporaneous speech, you can decrease your reliance on your notes; grammatical and usage errors communicate a lack of preparation, if you are uncertain of how to use a word or phrase, look it up or ask someone; use a microphone if you need one and one is available, be sure to rehearse with it; be aware of your speaking rate, and adjust it if necessary; identify key words or phrases that you have a tendency to drawl, slur, or chop, practice saying them distinctly and clearly; be certain that your speech aids, including those that utilize technology, contribute to your specific purpose; pay attention to your nonverbal delivery when you rehearse your speech; during rehearsal, tape record or videotape your speech, objectively and critically observe your gestures, posture, eye contact, facial expression, and vocal delivery, as well as your verbal message, and make necessary adjustments; when you deliver your speech, apply the suggestions offered in ch 11 for becoming a more confident speaker

question

Principal 2:

answer

give a manuscript or memorized speech when exact wording is critical; phrase your ideas so that they will be clear, accurate, and memorable; do not try to memorize an extemporaneous speech word for word, vary the ways in which you express ideas and information; use words that are concrete, unbiased, vivid, simple, and correct; make your speech memorable with figurative images, drama, and cadence

question

Principal 3:

answer

when you deliver a manuscript speech, try to look at an entire sentence at a time so that you can maintain eye contact as you say the sentence; do not read a manuscript speech too rapidly, vary the rhythm, inflection, and pace of delivery so that the speech does not sound as though it is being read; do not deliver a memorized speech too rapidly, and avoid patterns of vocal inflection that make the speech sound recited; use gestures and movement to add interest and emphasis to both manuscript and memorized speeches; use gestures to reinforce your verbal message; move during your speech to signal the beginning of a new idea or major point or to signal a transition between a serious idea and a humorous one; to heighten your credibility and to increase listener learning, use eye contact to let your audience know that you are interested in them and ready to talk to them; speak loudly enough to be heard easily by all members of your audience; vary the volume of your voice to emphasize ideas and sustain the audience's interest; vary your speaking rate to add interest to your delivery and to emphasize key ideas; articulate your words clearly

question

Principal 4

answer

: use eye contact to help you determine how your audience members are responding to you; if possible, rehearse your speech for someone and seek feedback about both your content and your delivery

question

Principal 5:

answer

although audiences today generally expect speakers to use everyday language and a conversational delivery style, you will need to adapt your delivery to audiences of different sizes and from different cultures; consider your audience and speaking context when you select a method of delivery; consider your audience's interests, expectations, and knowledge to ensure that your impromptu speech is audience-centered; as you deliver an extemporaneous speech, adapt it to your audience; avoid any language that might be offensive to a member of your audience; adapt your gestures to your audience, use bolder, more sweeping, and more dramatic gestures with large audiences, tone down gestures if you are speaking to a culturally diverse audience who might prefer a more subdued style; adapt your movement during a speech to the cultural expectations of your audience, better to say in one carefully chosen spot than to make your audience uncomfortable; assume a posture that seems natural to you in light of your topic, your audience, and the formality of the occasion; adapt the amount of eye contact you use to the expectations of your audience, north Americans prefer as much eye contact as possible, Asians generally prefer less; to communicate your interest in your listeners, keep your facial expression alert and friendly; adapt the volume of your voice to your audience's needs; adapt your appearance to meet your audience's expectations; let your audience's interests, experiences, and knowledge guide your preparation and selection of speech aids

question

Chapter 14

answer

...

question

Informative

answer

to share information with others to enhance their knowledge or understanding of the information, concepts, and ideas you present

question

Persuasive:

answer

the process of attempting to change or reinforce a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior

question

Presentations about objects:

answer

a speech about an object might be about anything tangible, anything you can see or touch; you may or may not show the actual object to your audience while you are talking about it

question

Presentations about procedures:

answer

a speech about a procedure discusses how something works for example, how blood travels through the human circulatory system, or describes a process that produces a particular outcome, such as how grapes become wine

question

Presentations about people:

answer

a biographical speech could be about someone famous or about someone you know personally

question

Presentations about events:

answer

a major event can form the basis of a fascinating informative speech; you can choose to talk about an event that you have either witnessed or researched; your goal is to describe the event in concrete, tangible terms and to bring the experience to life for your audience

question

Presentations about ideas:

answer

a speech about ideas are by nature more abstract than the other types of speeches; the key to gaining and maintaining interest in your speech about an idea lies in your selection of supporting material

question

Simple ideas rather than complex ones

answer

: the simpler your ideas and phrases, the greater the chance that your audience will remember them

question

Pace your information flow:

answer

arrange your supporting material so that you present an even flow of information, rather than bunch up a number of significant details around one point; if you present too much new information too quickly, you may overwhelm your audience

question

Relate new information to old information:

answer

when presenting new information to a group, help your audience associate your new idea with something that is familiar to them

question

Relates to your listeners' interest:

answer

your listeners may be interested in your topic for a variety of reasons; appeal to your audience's interests

question

Using attention-catching supporting material:

answer

supporting material is effective if it both clarifies your ideas and keeps your listeners' attention

question

Establishing a motive for your audience to listen to you:

answer

you will need to motivate them to listen to you; ask a question is one way

question

Using word pictures:

answer

words have the ability to create powerful images that can gain and hold an audience's attention

question

Creating interesting presentation aids:

answer

pictures, graphs, posters, and computer-generated graphics can help you gain and maintain audience members' attention, as well as increase their retention of the information you present

question

Using humor:

answer

use the right kind of humor in right amounts

question

Building in redundancy:

answer

when you speak it is useful to repeat key points; tell them what you're going to tell them; tell them; and tell them what you've told them

question

Using adult learning principles:

answer

adults prefer to be given information they can use immediately; to be involved actively in the learning process; to connect their life experiences with the new information they learn; to know how the new information is relevant to their busy lives; to receive information that is relevant to their needs

question

Reinforcing key ideas verbally and nonverbally:

answer

tell them something is important, reinforce an idea by using a phrase; signal the importance of a point with nonverbal emphasis; gestures, a pause, and movement

question

Principal 1:

answer

be conscious of the type of informative message you are developing (presentation about an object, a procedure, a person, an event, or an idea), to help you determine how best to organize your message; be consciously aware of using strategies that will make your informative messages clear, interesting, and memorable

question

Principal 2:

answer

use supporting material such as stories, examples, and illustrations to gain and maintain attention; use word pictures to make images and stories interesting and memorable; pace the flow of the information you present to enhance message clarity; relate new information to old information to increase clarity and retention; verbally reinforce ideas to help make your message memorable; use simple ideas rather than complex ideas to make your message clear; build in message redundancy to enhance message retention

question

Principal 3:

answer

use speech aids to make messages clear, interesting, and memorable; observe the nonverbal behavior of your audience to help you determine whether your message has been communicated clearly; nonverbally reinforce ideas to make your message memorable

question

Principal 4:

answer

before you deliver your speech to an audience, talk and listen to audience members to help you customize your message for them

question

Principal 5:

answer

adapt the structure and flow of your presentation to your listeners to enhance message clarity; adapt your examples and illustrations to your listeners to help gain and maintain interest and attention; develop a motivation for your audience to listen to you

question

Chapter 15

answer

...

question

Persuasion

answer

the process of attempting to change or reinforce a listener's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior

question

Dissonance

answer

the sense of mental disorganization or imbalance that may prompt a person to change when new information conflicts with previously organized thought patterns

question

Needs:

answer

as the speaker, the better you understand what your listeners need, the better you can adapt to them and the greater the chances that you can persuade them to change an attitude, belief, or value or get them to take some action

question

Fear appeals:

answer

one way to convince people to change their minds or their behavior is by scaring them into compliance; the appeal to fear takes the form of a verbal message

question

Positive appeals:

answer

positive motivational appeals are verbal messages promising that good things will happen if the speaker's advice if followed

question

Attitudes

answer

a learned predisposition to respond favorably or unfavorably to something; a like or dislike

question

Belief:

answer

a sense of what is true and false

question

Value:

answer

an enduring conception of right or wrong, good or bad

question

Propositions of fact:

answer

a claim that something is or is not the case or that something did or did not happen

question

Propositions of value:

answer

a claim that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something

question

Propositions of policy:

answer

a claim advocating a specific action to change a regulation, procedure, or behavior

question

Credibility

answer

an audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism

question

Competence:

answer

an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, and knowledgeable

question

Trustworthiness:

answer

an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest

question

Dynamism:

answer

an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as energetic

question

Proof

answer

evidence plus reasoning

question

Evidence from reasoning:

answer

the material used to support a point or premise; the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence

question

Inductive reasoning

answer

: using specific instances or examples to reach a probable general conclusion

question

Deductive reasoning:

answer

moving from a general statement or principle to reach a certain specific conclusion

question

Casual reasoning:

answer

relating two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others

question

Problem and solution:

answer

organization by discussing first a problem and then its various solutions

question

Cause and effect:

answer

organization by discussing a situation and its causes, or a situation and its effects

question

Refutation:

answer

organization according to objections your listeners may have to your ideas and arguments

question

Motivated sequence:

answer

a five-step organizational plan that integrates the problem and solution organizational method with principles that have been confirmed by research and practical experience

question

Receptive audience

answer

: identify with your audience; emphasize common interests; provide a clear objective, tell your listeners what you want them to do; appropriately use emotional appeals

question

Neutral audience:

answer

gain and maintain your audience's attention; refer to beliefs and concerns that are important to listeners; show how the topic affects people your listeners care about; be realistic about what you can accomplish

question

Unreceptive audience:

answer

don't tell listeners that you are going to try to convince them to support your position; present your strongest arguments first; acknowledge opposing points of view; don't expect a major shift in attitudes or behavior

question

Principal 1:

answer

know whether your specific purpose is to change or reinforce an attitude, a belief, a value, or a behavior, and be realistic in assessing what you will need to do in your speech to effect change; to use cause and effect organization, analyze and then convince your listeners of the critical causal link; relate personal experience to make you seem a more competent and trustworthy speaker; have a brief summary of your qualifications and accomplishments ready for the person who will introduce you , to help enhance your initial credibility; to be a better informed consumer of persuasive messages, as well as a more ethical persuasive speaker, be aware of and avoid using common logical fallacies

question

Principal 2:

answer

to create negative visualization, describe in detail how bleak or terrible the future will be if your solution is not implemented; to create positive visualization, describe in detail how wonderful the future will be if your solution is implemented; to select and narrow a topic for a persuasive speech, pay attention to print and electronic media to stay current on important issues of the day; word your central idea as a proposition to help you fine-tune your speaking objective and develop strategies for persuading your listeners; to make yourself seem competent to your audience, cite evidence to support your ideas; prepare a thoughtful conclusion to enhance your terminal credibility; provide logical proof (evidence and reasoning) for your arguments and avoid logical fallacies to heighten your chances for success with your audience; use emotion-arousing words to appeal to an audience's emotions; use concrete illustrations and descriptions to appeal to an audience's emotions

question

Principal 3:

answer

maintain eye contact, use enthusiastic vocal inflection, and move and gesture purposefully to increase the likelihood that your audience will view you as dynamic; dress appropriately to enhance your credibility; use presentation aids to help evoke both positive and negative emotions as well as positive and negative visualization

question

Principal 4:

answer

be prepared to answer to answer questions after your presentation, regardless of whether there is a planned question and answer period

question

Principal 5:

answer

do everything possible to ensure that your audience's physiological and safety needs are met; to motivate an audience, appeal to their basic needs; if you are speaking to an apathetic audience or one that is not even aware that is a problem exists, emphasize the problem portion of your problem and solution presentation; acknowledge and then refute the opposing points of view held by an unreceptive audience; in the need step of your motivated-sequence speech, establish why your topic, problem, or issue should concern your listeners, convince your audience that the problem affects them directly; in the action step of the motivated-sequence, offer your audience members specific action they can take to solve the problem you have discussed; if you are speaking to a knowledgeable, receptive audience, do not spend a great deal of time on the need step of the motivated sequence, instead, emphasize the satisfaction and action steps; if you are speaking to a neutral audience, emphasize the attention, need, and visualization steps of the motivated-sequence; establish common ground with your audience; consider the background and cultural expectations of your listeners as you develop your persuasive purpose; make the most of your opportunity to speak to a receptive audience by identifying with them; if your audience is receptive, state your speaking objective overtly, tell your audience exactly what you want them to do, and ask audience members for an immediate show of support; use emotional appeals with a receptive audience; appeal to universal beliefs and concerns to persuade a neutral audience; show a neutral audience how your topic affects both them and those they love; be realistic about what you can accomplish with neutral and unreceptive audience; if your audience is unreceptive, advance your strongest arguments first

Comm 1310 – Flashcard

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards