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unstressed syllable deletion

answer

syllable structure process that involves omission of one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word

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unstressed syllable deletion

answer

"nana" for banana and "bufly" for butterfly are examples of this syllable structure process

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reduplication (doubling)

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syllable structure process that involves repetition of a syllable resulting in the creation of a multisyllabic word form

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reduplication (doubling)

answer

"dada," "mama," and "baybay" are examples of this syllable structure process

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assimilation

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reduplication / doubling is also known as

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total assimilation

answer

"baba" for bottle is an example of

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partial assimilation

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"bada" for bottle is an example of

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diminutization

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syllable structure process that involves adding the /i/ vowel to the the target word

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diminutization

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"cuppy" is an example of

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epenthesis

answer

syllable structure process that involves insertion of an unstressed vowel, usually the schwa, between or in front of two consonants

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epenthesis

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"aschool" for school and "balue" for blue are examples of

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final consonant deletion

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syllable structure process that involves omission of a final singleton consonant in a word or deletion of a final consonant cluster

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final consonant deletion

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"ta" for task is an example of

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closed syllable

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syllable ends in a consonant

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open syllable

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syllable ends in a vowel

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initial consonant deletion

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syllable structure process that involves omission of single consonants in the inital word position; dramatically affects intelligibility

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cluster reduction / simplification

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syllable structure process that involves deleting or substituting some or all members of a cluster; total and partial

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total cluster reduction / simplification

answer

"oom" for broom

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partial cluster reduction / simplification

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"room" for broom

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list seven syllable structure processes

answer

(1) unstressed syllable deletion (2) reduplication (3) diminutization (4) epenthesis (5) final consonant deletion (6) initial consonant deletion (7) cluster reduction

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stopping

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substitution process that involves substition of stops for fricatives and affricates; voiced fricatives usually become voiced stops, and vice versa

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stopping

answer

"tarm" for farm & "laut" for laugh are examples of

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deaffrication

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substitution process that involves replacement of an affricate with a stop or fricative (multiple definitions)

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deaffrication

answer

"teeze" or "sheeze" for cheese is an example of

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velar fronting

answer

substitution process that involves replacement of the velars /k/, /g/, /ŋ/ with sounds that are made in a more anterior position

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velar fronting

answer

"tup" for cup is an example of

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depalatalization

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substitution process that involves substitution of an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative or an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricative

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backing

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substition process where sounds with an anterior point of constriction are replaced by posterior sounds (like /k/ and /g/)

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liquid gliding

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substition process that involves substitution of a glide for a prevocalic liquid; may also occur in consonant clusters

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liquid gliding

answer

"yight" for light & "woom" for broom are examples of

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vocalization (vowelization)

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substition process that involves substition of a vowel for a syllabic liquid; syllabic liquids like /er/ and /air/ become a schwa or any other vowel

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vocalization

answer

"butta" for butter is an example of

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name 7 substitution processes

answer

(1) stopping (2) deaffrication (3) velar fronting (4) depalatalization (5) backing (6) liquid gliding (7) vocalization

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vocalization =

answer

vowelization =

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syllable structure processes

answer

the processes that affect syllables are

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substition processes

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the processes that involve substituting one sound with another

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assimilation processes =

answer

consonant harmony =

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assimilation processes

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when one sound in a word affects another sound in the word

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labial assimilation

answer

assimilation process where a non-labial consonant becomes a labial because of the influence of another labial consonant in the word

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labial assimilation

answer

"mummy" for monkey is an example of

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velar assimilation

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assimilation process that involves assimilation of a non-velar sound to a velar sound

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velar assimilation

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"cock" for cot is an example of

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nasal assimilation

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assimilation process that involves assimilation of a non-nasal sound to a nasal sound

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nasal assimilation

answer

"non" for not is an example of

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alveolar assimilation

answer

assimilation process that involes assimilation of a non-alveolar sound to an alveolar sound

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alveolar assimilation

answer

"tut" for tuck

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prevocalic voicing

answer

assimilation process where a voiceless sound preceding a vowel becomes voiced

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prevocalic voicing

answer

"dode" for toad is an example of

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postvocalic (de)voicing

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assimilation process where a voiced obstruent following a vowel becomes voiceless or devoiced

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postvocalic (de)voicing

answer

"bus" for buzz

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name 7 assimilation (consonant harmony) processes

answer

(1) labial assimilation (2) velar assimilation (3) nasal assimilation (4) alveolar assimilation (5) prevocalic voicing (6) postvocalic (de)voicing

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phonology

answer

study of how speech sounds are classified, organized, and how they are used in a given language

question

early developing sounds include

answer

bilabials and stops

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later developing sounds include

answer

liquids and glides

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phonological approach

answer

approach used with a child who is highly unintelligible and demonstrates a lot of phonological processes that need to be addressed

question

common evaluations for phono processes

answer

Hodson's, Khan-Lewis, Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology (CAAP)

question

Hodson's

answer

most common assessment of phono processes; descriptive in nature; comes with a little bag of toys that elicit natural productions from the child

question

Khan-Lewis

answer

evaluation of phono processes that is used in conjunction with the GFTA

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Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology (CAAP)

answer

evaluation recently created by Super Duper that looks at both articulation and phonology, very colorful and young children enjoy it (used with kids 2-3 yrs old); has separate section for phono processes

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reduction processes analyzed in KLPA

answer

deletion of final consonants, syllable reduction, stopping of fricatives and affricates, cluster simplification, liquid simplification

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place and manner processes analyzed in the KLPA

answer

velar fronting, palatal fronting, deaffrication

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voicing processes analyzed in the KLPA

answer

initial voicing and final (de)voicing

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non-developmental phono processes

answer

processes you wouldn't expect in normal development

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non-developmental phono processes include

answer

deletion of initial consonants glottal replacement backing to velars

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glottal replacement

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glottal stop replaces a consonant (considered a substitution and fairly easy to remediate); non-developmental

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backing to velars

answer

place of articulation is altered from any consonant to a velar ( /k/ /g/ /ŋ/); very rare, non-developmental, and difficult to correct

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how many additional phono processes are included in the KLPA but not scored?

answer

34; some are non-developmental, occur infrequently, and / or represent dialectal or regional differences

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old vs. new KLPA test rules

answer

phono processes that occur greater than 40% of the time are considered for remediation under the old rules; under the new rules you must use your own clinical judgment

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phonological therapy

answer

designed primarily for highly unintelligible kids; appropriate for moderate and severe articulation problems; treatment follows a cycles approach

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cycles

answer

time periods during which all phono patterns that need remediation are worked on; or the amount of time it takes to get through every phono process that needs remediation

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cycles

answer

more closely approximate the way in which normal phonological development occurs than does teaching individual phonemes in isolation

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what determines the length of a cycle?

answer

the length of a cycle will vary depending on the child's number of deficient processes and the number of stimulable phonemes within each process; may last 5 weeks, may last 16 weeks

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pattern

answer

what you are trying to teach

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process

answer

what you are trying to eliminate

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describe how cycles progress

answer

the first cycle you work on one phoneme within a process each day, the second cycle you start pairing the cognates; the complexity of each cycle gradually increases as you incorporate practice words with more difficult phonetic environments and group phonemes within target patterns

question

processes

answer

deviations that occur across phoneme classes; ex: devoicing or deletion of final consonants affects several phonemes; to eliminate you have to focus on the patterns of speech

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patterns

answer

what we teach to try to correct the processes; work on phonemes within targeted patterns to facilitate emergence of these correct forms

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how long should each phoneme within a pattern be targeted?

answer

approximately 60 minutes per cycle

question

describe the process of recycling patterns in a cycle

answer

patterns are recycled in ensuing cycles until the percentage of occurence (of the process) drops; you work through a cycle--through all the targeted processes--and then retest to determine if you will include the pattern in the next cycle; if child is at least 40% accurate in probes you can drop the pattern because it should develop naturally

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what is the approximate time needed to see improvement in speech intelligibility scores?

answer

it typically takes 3-6 cycles (30-40 hours, 40-60 minutes per week) to see improvement

question

how are intervention target patterns selected?

answer

intervention patterns are selected from the phono processes that occur greater than 40% of the time (APP-R) target it if you consider it a problem (KLPA)

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phonological remediation goal statements emphasize

answer

emergence of intelligible speech patterns or the suppression of phono processes

question

traditional therapy goals emphasize

answer

establishing perfect phonemes

question

phono process therapy short-term goals

answer

for these types of goals you don't have to state a position; all words should be spontaneous and not imitated; you only need to work on the phoneme in the problem contexts

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how do you select target patterns / phonemes?

answer

choose the processes that are affecting the child's intelligibility the most; choose stimulable items first

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put these processes in order of which you would target first: syllable reduction, velar fronting, DFC, stopping fricatives

answer

1) syllable reduction 2) deletion of final consonants 3) stopping fricatives 4) velar fronting

question

describe what you do in cycle 2

answer

1) continue targeting each pattern 2) recycle same phonemes & add more words and additional phoneme(s) is stimulable 3) add words that have more phonetic complexity

question

describe what you do in cycles 3-7

answer

same method as cycle 2, add more words, expand complexity of words

question

What are 7 steps to structure the therapy session?

answer

1) review preceeding sessions word cards (if any) 2) auditory bombardment 3) introduce words to child (easy ones first) 4) experiential-play production activities 5) probe stimulability for next session's target phoneme 6) repeat auditory bombardment 7) homework (2 min/day when child is 100% accurate)

question

describe auditory bombardment

answer

child listens through headset (slightly amplified) for one or two minutes as therapist reads the word list for the day (words include target phoneme)

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how do you introduce words to a child during a therapy session?

answer

1) choose easy words first and and appropriate vocab 2) child draws/colors pics of carefully selected words 3) child says one word at a time 4) clinician writes word on index card

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describe experiental play activities

answer

activities to help child hear and practice phoneme; include things like 1) storytelling 2) story creation 3) shopping 4) camping trip, etc., etc., etc.

question

what are some typical homework assignments for therapy?

answer

child names words on picture cards, adult reads word list as child listens

question

when do you retest for phono therapy?

answer

you retest at the end of each cycle to determine if you need to continue with specific patterns; when child is 40% accurate it no longer needs to be addressed and should develop naturally

question

data collection

answer

the process of counting and charting errors

question

why should you keep good data?

answer

insurance companies and employers require it; it does not interfere with natural interactions during therapy; clients don't mind

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