question

Health disparities more closely related to which of the following terms:

answer

Inequalities

question

Nontraditional gender roles among Black women are fostered which of the following:

answer

Prominent roles in the family

question

Race and gender interact to produce unique _____ that shape the personal realities and attitudes around them

answer

Experiences

question

The definition by the World Health Organization of health encompasses all of the following expect:

answer

Natural Well Being

question

According to the lecture, health disparities have led to all of the following circumstances except

answer

Higher routine medical care:

question

According to the lecture, all of the following countries exceeded the US life expectancy, expect

answer

Argentina

question

Race and ethnicity are interchangeable terms that are synonymous of one another

answer

false

question

High socioeconomic status (SES) correlates to:

answer

Healthier individuals and communties

question

SES is the measure of social and economic characteristics that typically relate education, work status by occupation, and place of residence

answer

true

question

Factors linked to changing trends to gender-role attitudes in the contemporary US include all of the following except:

answer

Decreasing labor force

question

Scholars find black men to be more liberal than white men, regarding women outside of the home

answer

true

question

Incidence is the occurrence of total causes of mortality and burden of disease:

answer

false

question

Ethnicity differs when compared to the race that its a social category based on culture or culture heritage

answer

true

question

The Secretarys Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health was released in 1985 by who

answer

Margaret Heckler

question

Which of the following cases endorsed the development of state and local Jim Crow laws

answer

Plessy vs. Ferguson

question

How long did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study last?

answer

40 years

question

During the Tuskegee Syphilis Test, no cure was found for the men who had contracted syphilis thus extending the study

answer

false

question

According to the Tuskegee lecture, the government doctors felt betrayed by the government failure to defined the study.

answer

true

question

The Department of Health and Human Services

answer

The Federal Office of Minority Health (OHM) was established by __ in 1986.

question

Which President apologized for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

answer

Clinton

question

According to the Tuskegee lecture, which of the following is associated with the sentiments some may feel towards government

answer

Mistrust

question

Which amendment paved the way for equal educational oppurtunities

answer

14

question

All of the following shaped the health status of Black in the late 1800's , except

answer

Immigration

question

Which department was responsible for enrolling participants in the Tuskegee experiment

answer

United States Public Health Services

question

According to the Tuskegee lecture, doctors failed to acquire which of the following from participants

answer

informed concent

question

An unsuccessful legislative proposal to abolish the collection of data on race/ethnicity by California's public services is described by

answer

Proposition 2004

question

Race and ethnicity are biologically derived constructs

answer

false

question

Brazil is home to one of the largest immigrant populations of Japanese people outside the country of Japan

answer

true

question

Using race/ethnicity is a neutral term as a way to measure other variables?

answer

false

question

Differential access to socioeconomic and political power contribute to disparities in health

answer

true

question

You should not use race and ethnicity to describe critical aspects of health

answer

true

question

Population profiling continues to be a tool for analysis/intervention is __ research

answer

Epidemological

question

Which of the following categories is NOT added to the 2000 US Census from the 1990 US Census

answer

Asian Indian

question

The decision to use race/ethnicity is as much about ___ acceptability as it is about ___ reliability

answer

social, scientific

question

The Western Providence Blood Transfusion Service faces the same political struggles as SANBS with using the terms race/ethnicity measurements

answer

false

question

Which of the following are categories under SANBS four categories except:

answer

Category 2 White and Asian donors donating for the first time as well as Coloured

question

Which is the concept where one takes people and applies them to characterstics

answer

Physiogomy

question

Apartheid played a role in the differential spread of HIV and in the legacy of inequalities in all of the following expect:

answer

All of the following are correct

question

The South African Blood Service were found in political conflict after taking what actions

answer

Using race/ethnicity to classify blood safety

question

Which of the following would be considered factors in the interpersonal level

answer

Knowledge related to personal health (check)

question

Neonatal mortality is measured by the number of deaths occurring during the first 28 days of life per 100 live births.

answer

false

question

According to Dr. Lu, differences in prenatal care utilization and maternal behaviors explain everything when discussing disparities in birth outcomes

answer

false

question

Which model describes how context determines health and health behaviors?

answer

Socio ecological model

question

The stability of a country's infrastructure has an effect on the infant mortality rate.

answer

true

question

______ women and ______ women were more similar in low birth weight rate comparison.

answer

African Black; White American

question

According to the lecture, all of the following are necessary to have healthy babies except:

answer

access to child care

question

According to the lecture, what can infant mortality be described as:

answer

Barometer

question

Low birth weight is the most predictive factor for infant mortality.

answer

true

question

The infant mortality in the US is higher than any other developed nation in the world

answer

true

question

There were three changes to the Hispanic origin question for the 2010 Census. Which of the following was not one of the changes?

answer

The question was shorten due to survey fatigue

question

Gender differences in life expectancy are consistently larger than whites, for which group:

answer

Black

question

The number of years that are lost due to untimely death are referred to as:

answer

YPLL (Years of Potential Life Lost)

question

According to the lecture, the number of deaths in a population at a given time refers to which key term:

answer

Mortality

question

Prevalence and incidence are equal most of the time

answer

false

question

According to the lecture, the rate a disease develops in a group of people over a certain period of time refers to which key term:

answer

Incidence

question

When calculating the years of potential life lost, one must include the quality of life in the calculation.

answer

false

question

The "weathering hypothesis" refers to all of the following except:

answer

Climate changes affect levels of chronic disease

question

According to the lecture, the number of ill individuals among a group of people at risk for the illness at a given time refers to which key term:

answer

prevalence

question

Which mortality measures the death of an infant at 0-28 days old.

answer

Neonatal

question

Both blacks and Hispanics have levels of overall poverty that are higher than those of whites.

answer

true

question

Illness behaviors are weakly linked to socio-demographic factors, such as gender, ethnicity, and income levels.

answer

false

question

The aim of secondary prevention behaviors is to catch the condition early to avoid advancement of the disease.

answer

true

question

Bobby is in high school and participates in basketball and football. He is busy with a lot of different activities in school but always remembers to take his insulin on time to control his diabetes. Bobby taking his insulin is an example of which type of preventative behavior:

answer

Tertiary

question

According to the lecture, health behaviors are _______ reflections of a person's health beliefs.

answer

Implicit and Explicit

question

Risk behaviors are defined as any behavior that puts an individual at risk for negative consequences.

answer

true

question

Self-breast exams are examples of which type of prevention behavior:

answer

Secondary

question

Health behaviors that have benefits to the person practicing the behavior can be described as all of the following except:

answer

illness behaviors, preventative behaviors, health enhancing, risk behavior (correct answer choice)

question

All of the following are examples of risk behaviors, except:

answer

Taking prescribed medication

question

If a health belief is explicit, that means it is understood though not directly expressed.

answer

False

question

Expressing one's desire to use a condom is an explicit way to express one's health belief.

answer

True

question

An ecological approach focuses on which of the following:

answer

Individual and Population

question

The 1966 Highway Safety Act is an example of which determinant of health:

answer

Policymaking

question

Social determinants of health reflect political and physical conditions in the environment.

answer

False

question

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for all of the following groups except:

answer

Asian/Pacific Islanders (tumor/cancer)

question

According to the lecture, differences indicative of injustice and unfairness refer to:

answer

Disparities

question

Health People 2020 is a campaign focused on all of the following determinants of health:

answer

Policymaking, Health services, Biology

question

The definition of health disparity put forth by Health People 2020, includes the following types of disadvantages, except:

answer

Biological

question

Delaying medical treatment and not participating in preventative care are related to which determinant of health

answer

Health Services

question

Which of the following would be considered a biological and genetic determinant of health:

answer

Sickle cell anemia

question

Sickle cell disease is developed when:

answer

Both parents carry the gene

question

At the turn of the 20th century, the life expectancy for a white newborn girl exceeded that of a black new born girl by 30 years.

answer

false

question

Families would fall into which level of the socio ecological model

answer

Interpersonal

question

Infant mortality rate is defined as they probability of dying between _______ and exactly _____ of age per 1,000 live births.

answer

Birth, 12 months

question

According to the lecture, all of the following are necessary to have healthy babies except:

answer

child care

question

Adjusted rates are statistical procedures to make crude rates more comparable.

answer

True

question

According to the lecture, to acquire the __________ rate you must divide the number of cases by total number in population at a given time.

answer

Prevalence

question

Both blacks and Hispanics have levels of overall poverty that are higher than those of whites.

answer

True

question

Health behaviors are shaped by all of the following except:

answer

Genetics

question

Illness behaviors are more closely linked to which type of preventative behavior:

answer

Secondary

question

If a health belief is explicit, that means it is understood though not directly expressed.

answer

False

question

Medication therapy adherence is an example of which type of prevention behavior

answer

Tertiary

question

According to the lecture, differences indicative of injustice and unfairness refer to:

answer

Disparities

question

Health equity can be defined as the attainment of the average level of health for all people

answer

False

question

Policies at the federal level effect individual and population health.

answer

True

question

Delaying medical treatment and not participating in preventative care are related to which determinant of health:

answer

Health Services

question

Health People 2020 is a campaign focused on all of the following determinants of health:

answer

All answer choices are correct

question

According to the lecture, committee recommendations for reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health care include which of the following:

answer

Increase awareness about disparities

question

Increase awareness about disparities

answer

According to the lecture, committee recommendations for reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health care include which of the following: Select one: a. Marketing b. Promote less-desirable procedures c. Fundraising d. Increase awareness about disparities

question

biological

answer

The definition of health disparity put forth by Health People 2020, includes the following types of disadvantages, except: Select one: a. Economical b. Biological c. Social d. Environmental

question

Policymaking

answer

The 1966 Highway Safety Act is an example of which determinant of health: Select one: a. Genetics b. Biology c. Policymaking d. Health service

question

asian/pacific islanders

answer

Heart disease is the leading cause of death for all of the following groups except: Select one: a. Whites b. Alaskan Natives c. Blacks d. Asian/Pacific Islanders

question

health services

answer

Delaying medical treatment and not participating in preventative care are related to which determinant of health: Select one: a. Health Services b. Individual Behaviors c. Genetics d. Social Factors

question

false

answer

Social determinants of health reflect political and physical conditions in the environment. Select one: a. True b. False

question

false

answer

Non-Hispanic black person are the least likely to be insured when compared to white and Hispanics. Select one: a. True b. False

question

false

answer

Health equity can be defined as the attainment of the average level of health for all people. Select one: a. False b. True

question

both parents carry the gene

answer

Sickle cell disease is developed when: Select one: a. Mother carries the gene b. Father carries the gene c. Grandmother carries the gene d. Both parents carry the gene

question

individual and population

answer

An ecological approach focuses on which of the following: Select one: a. None of these b. Population c. Individual and Population d. Individual

question

black women

answer

According to Williams (2010), which of the following group racial/ethnic group is becoming the model minority with some health indicators. Select one: a. Asian women b. Hispanic women c. Black women d. White women

question

mortality

answer

According to the lecture, the number of deaths in a population at a given time refers to which key term: Select one: a. Mortality b. Morbidity c. Prevalence d. Incidence

question

morbidity

answer

According to the lecture, the number of ill individuals among a group of people at risk for the illness at a given time refers to which key term: Select one: a. Incidence b. Mortality c. Morbidity d. Prevalence

question

asian and pacific islander

answer

Gender differences in life expectancy are consistently larger than whites, for which group: Select one: a. Hispanic b. American Indian c. Black d. Asian and Pacific Islander

question

false

answer

Prevalence and incidence are equal most of the time. Select one: a. True b. False

question

neonatal

answer

Which mortality measures the death of an infant at 0-28 days old. Select one: a. Neonatal b. Natal c. None of these options d. Infant

question

true

answer

Prevalence rates when compared to incidence rates are generally larger. Select one: a. False b. True

question

climate changes affect levels of chronic disease

answer

he "weathering hypothesis" refers to all of the following except: Select one: a. Climate changes affect levels of chronic disease b. Age reflects higher levels of exposure to adverse conditions c. Greater wear and tear on physiological systems d. Individuals residing in unhealthy contexts

question

false

answer

When calculating the years of potential life lost, one must include the quality of life in the calculation. Select one: a. True b. False

question

YPLL

answer

The number of years that are lost due to untimely death are referred to as: Select one: a. LLYP b. YLLP c. LYPL d. YPLL

question

true

answer

Expressing one's desire to use a condom is an explicit way to express one's health belief. Select one: a. False b. True

question

false

answer

If a health belief is explicit, that means it is understood though not directly expressed. Select one: a. False b. True

question

taking prescribed medicine

answer

All of the following are examples of risk behaviors, except: Select one: a. Taking prescribed medication b. Not using a helmet c. Smoking d. Illicit drug use

question

secondary

answer

Illness behaviors are more closely linked to which type of preventative behavior: Select one: a. Tertiary b. Primary c. Secondary d. None of these

question

genetics

answer

Health behaviors are shaped by all of the following except: Select one: a. Culture b. Genetics c. Beliefs d. Attitudes

question

primary

answer

Getting vaccinated is an example of which type of prevention: Select one: a. Primary b. Tertiary c. Secondary d. Quaternary

question

true

answer

Risk behaviors are defined as any behavior that puts an individual at risk for negative consequences. Select one: a. True b. False

question

risk behaviors

answer

Health behaviors that have benefits to the person practicing the behavior can be described as all of the following except: Select one: a. Preventative behaviors b. Health enhancing c. Risk behaviors d. Illness behaviors

question

false

answer

Illness behaviors are weakly linked to socio-demographic factors, such as gender, ethnicity, and income levels. Select one: a. False b. True

question

implicit and explicit

answer

According to the lecture, health behaviors are _______ reflections of a person's health beliefs. Select one: a. Implicit b. Implicit and Explicit c. None of these d. Explicit

question

true

answer

Differential access to socioeconomic and political power contribute to disparities in health? Select one: a. False b. True

question

all of the answer choices are correct

answer

Apartheid played a role in the differential spread of HIV and in the legacy of inequalities in all of the following: Select one: a. Health b. Income c. Education d. All of the answer choices are correct

question

using race/ethnicity to classify blood safety

answer

The South African National Blood Service were found in political conflict after taking what actions: Select one: a. Laundering money for the organization b. Infecting the population with HIV c. Using race/ethnicity to classify blood safety d. Not properly disposing of needles

question

epidemiological

answer

Population profiling continues to be a tool for analysis/interventions in _____ research. Select one: a. Heart b. Racial c. Ethnographic d. Epidemiological

question

japanese

answer

Which of the following categories was NOT added to the 2000 US Census from the 1990 US Census? Select one: a. Samoan b. Japanese c. African American d. Asian Indian

question

proposition 54

answer

An unsuccessful legislative proposal to abolish the collection of data on race/ethnicity by Californias public services is described by: Select one: a. Proposition 2004 b. Proposition 54 c. Proposition 45 d. Proposition 23

question

all of the answer choices are correct

answer

Epidemiologist use race/ethnicity to operationalize which of the following: Select one: a. None of the answer choices are correct b. All of the answer choices are correct c. Genetic traits d. Social practices

question

false

answer

The Western Province Blood Transfusion Service faces the same political struggles as SANBS with using the terms race/ethnicity measurements: Select one: a. False b. True

question

true

answer

Brazil is home to one of the largest immigrant populations of Japanese people outside of the country of Japan? Select one: a. True b. False

question

all are correct

answer

All of the following are categories under SANBS four categories except: Select one: a. Category 1: Regular donor who described their ethnic group as White or Asian b. Category 2: White and Asian donors donating for the first time as well as Coloured c. Category 3: Black donors amongst whom HIV and hepatitis are more widespread d. All are correct

question

directive 14

answer

The Office of Management and Budget responded to the need to standardize data collection on race and ethnicity by developing: Select one: a. Directive 13 b. Directive 14 c. Directive 15 d. Directive 16

question

margerat heckler

answer

The Secretarys Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health was released in 1985 by who: Select one: a. Margaret Heckler b. None of these c. W.E.B. DuBois d. Booker T. Washington

question

clinton

answer

Which president was the first to apologize for the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Select one: a. Reagan b. Clinton c. Jimmy Carter d. Bush

question

14

answer

Which amendment paved the way for equal educational opportunities. Select one: a. 15th b. 14th c. 19th d. 13th

question

immigration

answer

All of the following shaped the health status of Black in the late 1800s, except: Select one: a. Segregation b. Poverty c. Racism d. Immigration

question

plessy v ferguson

answer

Which of the following cases endorsed the development of state and local Jim Crow laws? Select one: a. Buchanan v. Warley b. Brown v. Board of Education c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Korematsu v. United States

question

40 years

answer

How long did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study last? Select one: a. 30 years b. 10 years c. 40 years d. 20 years

question

mistrust

answer

According to the Tuskegee lecture, which of the following is associated with the sentiments some may feel towards government research. Select one: a. Jealousy b. Pride c. Sadness d. Mistrust

question

true

answer

According to the Tuskegee lecture, the government doctors felt betrayed by the governments failure to defend the study. Select one: a. True b. False

question

she gained the confidence of the participents and was credited by some for the success of the study

answer

According to the Tuskegee lecture, the role of Nurse Rivers was important because: Select one: a. She gained the confidence of the participants and was credited by some for the success of the study b. She performed all of the necessary research to make final conclusions about syphilis c. She wrote the book "Bad Blood" which describes the success of the study d. None of the choices are correct

question

inequalities

answer

Health disparities more closely relates to which of the following terms: Select one: a. Risk factors b. Inequity c. Inequalities d. Health care disparities

question

sexism and racism

answer

The term "double disadvantage" is in reference to which social category: Select one: a. Sexism and Racism b. Sexism c. Neither Sexism or Racism d. Racism

question

genitcally defined

answer

Race could be characterized by all of the following except: Select one: a. Genetically defined b. Based on physical appearance c. Subjective d. Every society differs on racial classification

question

true

answer

Scholars find black men to be more liberal than white men, regarding women employment outside the home. Select one: a. True b. False

question

prominent roles in the family

answer

Nontraditional gender roles among Black women are fostered which of the following: Select one: a. Decrease participation in the labor force b. Insider status in society c. Prominent roles in the family d. Lower birth-rates

question

healthier individuals and communities

answer

High socioeconomic status (SES) correlates to: Select one: a. Healthier individuals and communities b. Unhealthy individuals and communities

question

higher routine medical care

answer

According to the lecture, health disparities have led to all the following circumstances except: Select one: a. Higher incidence of chronic diseases b. Lower quality of health services c. Higher mortality rates d. Higher routine medical care

question

true

answer

Socioeconomic status (SES) is the measure of social and economic characteristics that typically include measures of income, poverty level, wealth, education, work status by occupation, and place of residence. Select one: a. True b. False

question

argentina

answer

According to the lecture, all of the following countries exceed the US life expectancy, except: Select one: a. Japan b. Spain c. Argentina d. Greece

question

changing household structure

answer

Factors linked to changing trends in gender-role attitudes in the contemporary United States include all of the following except: Select one: a. Changing familial structure b. Increasing labor force c. Decreasing labor force d. Changing household structure

question

Social Category, Physical appearance due to particular historical social and political forces, Focused on physical characteristics

answer

Race

question

Social category, Shared Cultural identity with distinct behavioral characteristics, Focused on Common cultural traits

answer

Ethnicity

question

Membership to a Nation or sovereign state, citizenship, place of residency, sense of national identity

answer

Nationality

question

incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease within a population

answer

Health Disparities

question

differences in the presence of illness, health outcomes, or access to care, within a population

answer

Health Care Disparities

question

differences in both health experience and health status between countries, regions, states, and socioeconomic groups

answer

Inequality in Health

question

systematic, unfair, or unjust, yet potentially avoidable differences in access to health services across defined population groups

answer

Inequity in Health

question

Factors which directly cause illness and disease or are risk factors that affect the health of a population, community, or individual Socio-environmental factors Physical Environmental factors Individual factors Access to Health services

answer

Determinants of health

question

Number of deaths within a population

answer

Mortality

question

total number of deaths within a time period cannot be compared

answer

Crude Mortality Rate

question

attributed to a particular cause/disease/illness

answer

Cause-specific Mortality

question

specific age group

answer

Age-specific Mortality

question

•infants under the age of 1 •Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per 1,000 live births •Number of infant deaths among infants 0-365 days at a given period of time divided by the population size at midpoint times of multiplier (generally 1000).

answer

Infant mortality rate

question

average years a person can expect to live a healthy/productive lifestyle that is determined at a particular age

answer

Life Expectancy

question

•Number of individuals with a disease, illness, injuries, and disabilities within a population •Number of ill individuals among a group of people at risk for the illness at a given time

answer

Morbidity

question

number of persons contracting/new cases of a disease

answer

Incidence

question

number of persons who have/all cases a particular disease/condition

answer

Prevalence

question

measure of social and economic characteristics that typically include measures of Income Poverty level Wealth Education Work status/occupation Place of residence

answer

Socioeconomic Status

question

•1896 •endorsed the development of state and local "Jim Crow" laws requiring the separation of the races

answer

Plessy v. Ferguson

question

•published The Philadelphia Negro •used social science methods to describe social and economic conditions that shaped the quality of life and health status of African Americans

answer

W. E. B. Du Bois

question

•founder and president of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama •Negro Health Improvement Week was launched in 1915 •became so successful that around 1932 it was adopted by the U.S. Public Health Service as part of the new federal Office of Negro Health Works •1951, however, the Office of Negro Health Works was decommissioned in the name of integration

answer

Booker T. Washington

question

•African Americans arrived in 1619 •lasted 244 years

answer

Slavery

question

•1932-1972, Macon County, Alabama •600 black men, 399 with Syphilis and 201 without disease •withheld adequate treatment from a group of poor black men who had the disease •told the men they were being treated for "bad Blood." •men received free medical exams, free meals, and burial insurance •Summer of 1973, a class-action lawsuit filed by the national Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

answer

Tuskegee

question

•Secretary of U.S.Department of Health and Human Services •Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health.

answer

Margaret Heckler

question

After more than 240 years of slavery, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, announcing, "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious areas "are, and henceforward shall be free

answer

Emancipation Proclamation

question

ratified in 1865 outlawed slavery in the U.S. and all territories

answer

13th Amendment

question

paved the way equal educational opportunities with the Supreme Court's declaration in Brown v. Board of Education that racially segregated schools violate the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment

answer

14th Amendment

question

Male Voting rights; (however, a plethora of insidious methodologies for preventing African Americans from exercising their voting rights were successfully implemented by racist whites who dominated the corridors leading to the voting booths. Voter qualifying tests (e.g., literacy tests), discriminatory enforcement of registration rules, poll taxes, and outright racial gerrymandering)

answer

15th Amendment

question

Prohibited discrimination in public accommodations such as mass transportation, restaurants, and hotels on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin; shifted government policy away from the support of racially discriminatory social norms

answer

Civil rights act of 1964

question

Eliminated discriminatory election ( practices and suspended literacy tests and provided for the appointment of federal examiners (this and the CRA dismantled the most limiting components of the "Jim Crow Laws" and fulfilled the constitutional guarantees contained in the 14th and 15th amendments)

answer

Voting Rights Act 1965

question

guaranteed all American women the right to vote

answer

19th Amendment

question

Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued in 1977 (the "Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting" contained in Statistical Policy Directive No. 15.) Directive 15 is an attempt to standardize data collection so that comparisons of races could be made by creating categories to classify individuals.

answer

Directive 15

question

•The public cost of disparities •The costs of health disparities to business •Direct Costs •Indirect Costs

answer

Importance of Studying Minority Health

question

•lead, coordinate, support and assess the NIH effort to eliminate health disparities •research, •research infrastructure •public information and community outreach.

answer

National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities

question

•Number of deaths during the first 28 completed days of life per 1000 live births in a given year or other period

answer

NeoNatal Mortality Rate

question

rate of newborns dying between 28 and 364 days of age

answer

Post NeoNatal Mortality Rate

question

•Intrapersonal •Interpersonal •Organizational •Community •Public Policy

answer

Socio-economical Model

question

The rate a disease develops in a group of people over a certain period of time. Number of new cases. Divide the number of new cases by the number of people at risk and multiply

answer

Incidence Rates

question

Number of existing cases of a disease in a population at some designated time. Divide number of cases by total number in population at a given time

answer

Prevalence Rates

question

Stratified rates

answer

Specific Rates

question

Statistical procedures applied to make crude rates more comparable

answer

Adjusted Rates

question

Mortality rates that illustrate two groups of individuals vary in one way for younger versus older individuals

answer

Mortality Crossover

question

Crude mortality rates cannot be compared , Age adjusted and specific mortality rates can be compared more accurately

answer

Comparative Mortality

question

Short-Term

answer

Acute

question

Long-Term

answer

Chronic

question

•Number of live births at a given time •Divide the # of live births in selected time by the population size at midpoint of a selected time period then multiply

answer

Birth Rates

question

Years of Potential Life Lost •The number of years that are lost due to untimely death, Based upon average life expectancy, Does not include quality of life in the calculation

answer

YPLL

question

Behavior & Lifestyle : 80% - Tobacco use, poor nutrition Environmental Exposure : 20% - Poor communities, residential crowding, violence, pollution - Social environment • Risk and prevalence of chronic and infectious disease Healthcare; 10% - Access, lack of preventive and primary health services

answer

3 Determinants of Health

question

• Increased morbidity and mortality • More likely to suffer from mental disorder • Martial distress and disrupted parenting o Children with depression, substance abuse, behavior problems • Barriers o Health care, child care, transportation, etc

answer

Low SES and Health

question

• Providing health coverage • Improving economic conditions • Increasing educational opportunities • Introducing culturally sensitive health promotion efforts

answer

Closing the Gap on SES Disparities

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Implied or understood though not directly expressed, Contained in the nature of something though not readily apparent

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Implicit Health Behavior

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Clearly developed or formulated, Fully and clearly expressed or demonstrated

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Explicit Health Behavior

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Primary •Strategies used to avoid diseases •EX: Vaccinations

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Preventative behaviors - Primary

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Behaviors people engage in with the aim of relieving effects of illness Illness behaviors strongly linked to socio-demographic factors, such as •Gender-Utilization of medical services higher in women than men •Ethnicity- Utilization of medical services lower among Hispanics & Blacks compared to Whites & Asians •Education •Social class/income-Utilization of medical services greater among higher SES than lower •Family Structure

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Illness behaviors

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•Behaviors which are associated with increased risk/susceptibility to adverse health consequences (e.g., illness, injury).

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Risk behaviors

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address the relationship between health status and biology , individual behavior, health services, social factors, and policies and emphasizing an ecological approach to disease prevention and health promotion. focuses on both individual-level and population-level determinants of health and interventions

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Healthy People 2020

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Policy Making Social Factors Health Services Individual Behavior Biology and Genetics

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Determinants of health

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Policies at the local, State, and Federal level affect individual and population health. (Increasing taxes on tobacco sales, for example, can improve population health by reducing the number of people using tobacco products)

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Policy Making

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reflect social factors and the physical conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work and age. Also known as social and physical determinants of health, they impact a wide range of health, functioning and quality of life outcomes. Poor health outcomes are often made worse by the interaction between individuals and their social and physical environment.

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Social Factors

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Both access to health services and the quality of health services can impact health. Healthy People 2020 directly addresses access to health services as a topic area and incorporates quality of health services throughout a number of topic areas. Lack of access, or limited access, to health services greatly impacts an individual's health status. (For example, when individuals do not have health insurance, they are less likely to participate in preventive care and are more likely to delay medical treatment.)

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Health Services

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plays a role in health outcomes. ( For example, if an individual quits smoking, his or her risk of developing heart disease is greatly reduced.)

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Individual Behavior

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Some biological and genetic factors affect specific populations more than others. (For example, older adults are biologically prone to being in poorer health than adolescents due to the physical and cognitive effects of aging)

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Biology and Genetics

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those differences that are indicative of injustice or unfairness

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Disparity

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differences that are not attributed to injustice or unfairness

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Dissimilarities

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"a particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage. due to injustice

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Health disparities

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refers to differences specifically within the healthcare system, access to health care, quality of health care, and utilization of health care services that are a result of injustice.

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Health care disparities

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refers to the same differences within the health care system (access to health care, quality of health care, and utilization of health care services) that are NOT a result of injustice.

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Health care dissimilarities

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attainment of the highest level of health for all people. Achieving health equity requires to focused on avoidable inequalities, historical and contemporary injustices, and the elimination of health and health care disparities."

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Health equity

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Enabling Factors Predisposing Factors Perceived need for Health Care Service

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Health Care Utilization

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are resources that either facilitate or inhibit someone seeking health care services. (For example, having a car is a facilitating factor because it provides transportation, a useful resources for physically traveling to a health care provider.) ( Having no health insurance would be an inhibiting factor because it often deters one from seeking health care services).

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Enabling Factors

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are an individual's inclination to use health services, most notably one's attitudes toward using health care. These attitudes may be facilitating or inhibiting and are largely influences by cultural beliefs and prior experiences. (For example, if someone distrusts the medical establishment, or has had negative experiences with the medical establishment, he/she may be less likely to seek health care services. Conversely, is one has a great relationship with a medical provider, he/she is more likely to continue visiting this provider in the future.)

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Predisposing Factors

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is one's belief that he/she does (or does NOT) need to utilize health care services for health issues. If one does not perceive a need for an action, including health behaviors, he/she is much less likely to engage in that behavior.

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Perceived need for Health Care Service

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•For whites, blacks, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, and Latinos, heart disease is the leading cause of death and malignant tumors (cancer) is the second leading cause of death •For Asians and Pacific Islanders, malignant tumors is the leading cause of death while heart disease is the close second

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Leading causes of death

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Socio- Environmental Theories Psychological/Behavioral theories Physiological Theories

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Theories of health disparities

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Risk Exposure Resource Deprevation

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Socio- Environmental Theories

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Weathering Hypothesis John Henryism

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Psychological/Behavioral theories

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Genetic differences among racial/ethnic populations

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Physiological Theories

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theory says that high prevalence of social or environmental health risks in predominantly minority communities lead to a higher prevalence of disease and death. (Because the United States is a highly racial segregated country, different rates of health risk in different communities place different populations at different levels of risk in those communities.)

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Risk Exposure

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says that racial/ethnic disparities in health status exist because minorities are more likely than whites to live in communities that are lacking in the necessary infrastructure to support a healthy lifestyle. (Infrastructure includes road ways, food sources, safety, and health care services, to name a few.)

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Resource Deprevation

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seeks to explain the differences between African-Americans and Whites in pregnancy outcomes. It proposes that social stress in the community, in the environment and the society, affects African Americans and other minorities negatively. Specifically, these populations are said to actually "weather" or age at accelerated rates because of increased exposure to stress. We know that excess stress has numerous health implications, including premature aging and associated conditions

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Weathering Hypothesis

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developed by Sherman James, hypothesis assumes that lower SES individuals in general, and African-Americans in particular, are routinely exposed to psychosocial stressors ( that require them to use considerable energy each day to manage the psychological stress generated by these conditions. The hypothesis further assumes that individuals exposed to excess psychosocial stressors will respond differently, with varying degrees of success. The John Henry Hypothesis predicts that individuals in lower SES categories who utilize active coping skills related to the excess stressors are more likely to suffer from hypertension due to their effort

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John Henryism

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Early diagnosis and treatment of existing disease and/or health condition in order to avoid further debilitative effects •EX: Screenings (Self BE for & pap smears for cervical cancer) Aim: Catch it early to avoid advancement

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Preventative behaviors -Secondary

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•Fighting the disease and/or health condition when signs/symptoms present to minimize complications •EX: Medication therapy adherence, changing diet/exercise regimen

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Preventative behaviors -Tertiary

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•Avoidance of over-treatment

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Preventative behaviors -Quaternary

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10-volume •documented "excess"deaths from seven disease conditions (cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chemical dependency, diabetes, homicide, unintentional injuries,and infant mortality •experienced by African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and Asian and/or Pacific Islander, and Alaskan Native populations.

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Secretary's Task Force Report on Black and Minority Health.

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Live in poverty Receive high-cost mortgages Be unemployed

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Minorities are more likely to

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Income Education Occupation status The "healthy worker" effect

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relationship between SES and an increased risk of being affected by health disparities

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Lifestyles Mental health Access to healthcare Social network and support Exposure to psychosocial, physical, chemical, stressors SES and disability prevalence Acculturation

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Future Directions using SES

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