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Concept

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An organizing principle derived from experience

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Schema

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set of expectations about objects ad situations

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Prototype

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A representation of a category formed by averaging all members of the category

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Exemplar

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A specific member of a category used to represent the category

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Problem Solving- 4 Steps

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The use of info to meet a specific goal 1. Understand the problem 2.make a plan 3. Carry out the plan 4.look back: problem solved? Yes? Then exit No? Then try again

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Well-structured & Ill-structured Problems

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W-have a solution that can be verified as correct or incorrect, like an algebra problem I-have solutions that are evaluated subjectively on the basis of their usefulness, thinking you need to improve your appearance

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Functional fixedness

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A possible barrier to successful problem solving in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form

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Framing

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Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman's classic Asian disease problem asks people to choose one of two solutions to the following problem: "If a disease was coming to the U.S., and 600 people were expected to die, what should the president do?" Both solutions resulted in the deaths of the same number of people (400), but one was phrased positively (200 will be saved) and the other was phrased negatively (400 will die). When the question was framed negatively, people were more likely to choose the riskier alternative.

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Heuristic

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A shortcut to problem solving; also known as a rule of thumb

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Representativeness ; availability heuristics

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R-stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli that are dissimilar to a prototype A- the frequency of an events occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind

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Recognition ; affect heuristics

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R- a higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative A-we choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli

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FOXP-2 gene

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"language gene" plays an important role in vocalization . when placed in mice from humans they didn't speak, but their vocal became diff from normal mice

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Language phoneme & morphemes

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P-a speech sound M-the smallest component of speech that carries meaning

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Aphasia

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The loss of the ability to speak or understand language

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Broca's area ; Wernicke's area

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B-left frontal lobe, slow, effortless speaking combined w/ good comprehension W-left temporal lobe, fluent, meaningless speech w/o comprehension

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Noam Chomsky

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humans have an inborn capacity for learning language like how the speed and ease with which very young infants can learn complicated language tasks,

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Intelligence

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The ability to understand complex ideas, learn from experience, engage in reasoning, and overcome obstacles

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Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

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in which a combination of analytical, creative, and practical abilities allows people to achieve success ,He argues that it is possible to be gifted in one aspect without being gifted in others.

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Gardner's theory of Multiple Intelligences

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we have multiple, independent types of intelligence (Gardner, 1983, 1999). Gardner proposed no less than eight types of intelligence

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Crystalized vs. fluid intelligence

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C-the ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge F-the ability to think logically w/o the need to use learned knowledge

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emotional intelligence

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The ability to manage emotions and reason about other people stated of mind

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Alfred Binet & Louis Terman

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B- devised a test aimed at identifying schoolchildren with intellectual disability T-adapted Binet's test for use in the United States and named his revised version the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Terman, 1916). Terman began using the intelligence quotient (IQ) ex.a bright child with a mental age of 15 and a chronological age of 12 would have an IQ score of 125

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Mental age ; chronological age

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M- the average cognitive ability displayed by people of a given age C-The actual age of someone

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IQ test purpose

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-indicate exactly where a person falls in the normal distribution of intelligence -mental age divided by chronological age times 100

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IQ test reliability/validity

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the test should provide consistent results that correlate with other measures of the same construct. Although no test is perfect, most IQ tests show relatively good reliability and validity (Kaplan ; Saccuzzo, 2001). It is important to keep in mind, however, that the intent of IQ tests is to predict school performance as opposed to the complex construct of intelligence

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Flynn effect

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Worldwide increases in IQ scores of about 3 points per decade over the last 100 years illustrate the potential for change (Dickens ; Flynn, 2006, 2001). This increase in IQ scores, known as the Flynn effect, has occurred far too quickly to represent genetic changes. Improvements in nutrition and other health factors probably account for some of the change

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Maximizers ; satisficers

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M-their decision making is aimed at reaching the best outcome S-more willing to choose outcomes that are merely acceptable

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The Study Abroad Alien Marvin, who lives in San Francisco, has been asked to host a teenage alien, Regor, as part of an intergalactic exchange program. Marvin is sure that Regor would love to experience the adventure of sailing, but decides he should introduce the concept of a "sailboat" first. Marvin tries to describe the common features of a sailboat. He explains that they are pointed at the front and square at the back, have a tall mast to hold up the sail, and have one or two triangular sails. Which of the following demonstrates a problem with this approach?

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Some sailboats have more than one mast and more than two sails.

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Marvin tries to describe a sailboat as an average of all sailboats in terms of length, width, height of mast, materials, color, etc. This is called a(n) ____.

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prototype

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Marvin shares as many details as he can remember about the small sailboat he had as a child. This is called a(n) ____.

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exemplar

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Katie loved baking brownies with her grandmother during her holiday visits. In fact, she still makes these brownies using the exact same steps as her grandmother. What is this called?

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an algorithm

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Dolores, a college freshman, has moved to a big city for the first time in her life. She is excited by the opportunity to explore the city, but is also anxious about what she read recently about street crime in one of the city's neighborhoods. In reality, she is more at risk of harm from reckless drivers. What heuristic is she applying is this situation?

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availability heuristic

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Max, an attorney, is attending a hearing at the federal courthouse. He opens the courthouse door for a young woman with a tattoo on her forearm. When Max enters the room of the hearing, he is stunned to see that the assigned judge is the same woman. Max had applied the ____.

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representativeness heuristic

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The Joyful Jogger At the start of the spring semester, Marie decides that she will focus more on her physical health. Her solution is to start jogging with a goal of running in the annual Memorial Day 10K. Marie completed the race but needed to walk for the last mile. What would be the next step for her as an effective problem solving strategy?

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Evaluate whether the original problem has been solved.

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Betty has been a saver all of her life, but recently, she became a gambler. She is considering betting all of her savings in a lottery in hopes of making enough money for an around-the-world cruise. Betty may have suffered damage to her ____.

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amygalda

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Which of the following is a phoneme?

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the "sh" in ship

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Which of the following can be either a phoneme or a morpheme?

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"a"

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Of the following, who has a speech pattern comparable to that of a person with Wernicke's aphasia?

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Dan, who speaks rapidly, fluently, and with good grammar, but rarely makes sense

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In which of the following ways does a typical child first learn language?

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Evan seems to learn words and form small sentences effortlessly with no specific instruction.

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Selena's parents arrange for her to take part in an intelligence test for preschool admissions. Her individual intelligence is measured to be 125 relative to a statistically normal curve with an average of 100. This is her ____.

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intelligence quotient

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Eddie has been a homicide detective in a small city for several years and he is good at his job. He is often called on by other detectives to help with difficult cases. Which of the following reflects his fluid intelligence?

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Eddie finds that when he reads through a file, a detail will leap out at him as peculiar to the flow of events, which then helps to focus the direction of the investigation.

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Which of the following is true regarding theories of general intelligence and multiple intelligences?

answer

Purely cognitive abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, spatial, and logical skills, show strong positive correlations with one another.

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