Combo with Millenium Development Goals 1-4 and 1 other – Flashcards

The purpose of Goal 1 is to reduce the level of poverty within developing countries through the development of strategies to promote employment opportunities, particularly for women and young people. With greater employment opportunities and income earning capacity, it is expected that there will be a reduction in the number of people suffering from hunger.

Poverty has an enormous impact on morbidity and mortality rates in developing countries. Poverty impacts on individuals in a range of ways including: - not being able to purchase the quantity of food needed to sustain life - not being able to access the required health care to treat a preventable illness. Without an adequate income, individuals are unable to provide for their most basic needs. At a national level, poverty means that a country does not have the economic resources to develop infrastructure and invest in education, health, political and legal systems, and public institutions. Failure to invest in these areas means that people are unable to improve their lives and escape the cycle of poverty. Through providing opportunities for full and productive employment, the proportion of people living on less than US$1 a day will decline. An increased income will enable individuals to purchase nutritious foods, thereby reducing the proportion of people suffering from hunger. As a result of improved nutrition, the health status of individuals will be improved. With improved health, human development is promoted as individuals have greater opportunities to achieve to their full potential and lead productive lives in accord with their needs and interests.

- Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than US$1 a day. - Target 2: achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people. - Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

- by 2015, the overall poverty rate is expected to decline to 15 per cent of the global population, which is approximately 920 million people. This is half the number of people in 1990. - it is expected that poverty rates in China will fall to approximately 5 per cent by 2015 - poverty rates in India are expected to fall from 51 per cent in 1990 to 24 per cent in 2015; the number of people living in extreme poverty is likely to decrease by 188 million

The purpose of Goal 2 — achieve universal primary education — is to provide both boys and girls in developing countries with access to primary schooling to improve literacy and numeracy skills. It also offers opportunities to gain the skills and knowledge to engage in health-promoting behaviours.

Education promotes literacy, which leads to greater employment prospects, thereby increasing levels of income. This in turn improves the individual's capacity to access adequate nutrition, shelter and health care, not only for themselves but also for their family members. Those who are educated are more likely to understand health-related information, which is vital for promoting positive health behaviours. Often in developing countries, governments do not have the funding to provide education for all children and, as a result, schooling is only available for those who can afford to pay for it. Through achieving primary education for all children, the opportunities for individuals to improve their standard of living, develop to their full potential and lead productive lives according to their needs and interests are greatly improved. Those who are educated are more likely to ensure that their own children are educated. Higher literacy rates in developing countries correspond with economic growth, thereby increasing the capacity of countries to assist those in need.

Target 1: Ensure that by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling.

- enrolment in primary education has reached 89 per cent in the developing world - although the number of school-age children continues to rise, the number of children not attending school is decreasing, from 106 million in 1999 to 69 million in 2008. Approximately 31 million of these children are in sub-Saharan Africa and 18 million are in Southern Asia. - although sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest level of school enrolments, between 1999 and 2008, enrolments increased from 58 per cent to 76 per cent

The purpose of Goal 3 is to raise the socioeconomic status of women in developing countries through ensuring that females have equal access to education. This goal also aims to empower women through ensuring their involvement in decision-making processes that affect themselves, their families, their communities and their countries. There is one target associated with this goal.

Females are generally less likely than males to have access to education. Education has the ability to empower women; it enables them to access higher paid employment and work in jobs that are less likely to impact negatively on their health. As the traditional primary caregivers of families, it is important for women to develop their knowledge regarding health-related behaviours, including the skills to be able to read and understand health information. The numeracy and literacy skills taught in schools may also assist women in developing a personal business. With greater income, women are able to exert more control over their lives and make decisions that are in their best interest and those of their families.

Target 1: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015.

- developing regions are progressing towards achieving gender parity in educational enrolment. In 1999, 91 girls for every 100 boys were enrolled in primary school and 88 girls per 100 boys were enrolled in secondary school. By 2008, the ratios were 96 girls per 100 boys enrolled in primary school and 95 girls per 100 boys enrolled in secondary school (see figure 9.13). - globally, the number of women in parliament has continued to increase slowly from 11 per cent in 1995 to 19 per cent in 2010. Within twenty-six countries, women make up 30 per cent or more of the members of lower houses of parliament and in seven countries, women make up 40 per cent or more of the members of lower houses of parliament. - more girls than boys have enrolled in secondary school in Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Asia and South-Eastern Asia.

The purpose of Goal 4 is to reduce the number of deaths of children under the age of five (U5MR). There is one target associated with this goal.

The vast majority of deaths of children under the age of five are due to causes that could be prevented or treated by inexpensive means. Some of the most deadly causes of disease, such as measles, can be vaccinated against. The risk of diarrhoea can be reduced through breastfeeding and using good hygiene and sanitary practices, and providing access to clean water. Other conditions such as pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics. More than 10 million children under the age of five die annually and more than 20 million children under the age of five are severely malnourished (WHO, 2009). As children represent the future, it is the responsibility of the global community, including governments, to promote their health and reduce the child mortality rate.

Target 1: Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.

- between 1990 and 2008, the global child mortality rate decreased from 12.5 million deaths to 8.8 million. Between 2000 and 2008, the rate of decline increased to 2.3 per cent, compared to 1.4 per cent in the 1990s. - the greatest reductions in child mortality were made in the regions of Northern Africa, Eastern Asia, Western Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the countries of the CIS. Countries such as Bangladesh, Bolivia, Eritrea, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malawi, Mongolia and Nepal were able to reduce U5MR by 4.5 per cent annually. - in 2008, immunisation against measles reached 81 per cent coverage in the developing regions as a whole, up from 70 per cent in 2000.

The purpose of goal 5 is to improve maternal health by reducing the number of deaths of women that occur as a result of pregnancy, and childbirth and to increase access to reproductive services. The aim is to provide women with the appropriate information and health care to promote health prior to, during and following childbirth.

Improving maternal health is important for both the mother and the child, as well as the entire community. Reducing the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth significantly reduces the maternal mortality rate. Maximising the health of mothers enables them to continue in their caregiving role, not only for the newborn child but also for other family members. Providing access to reproductive health services means that women are better able to take care of themselves and their children through seeking advice and treatment, as well as being able to plan the timing and spacing of births.

Target 1: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. Target 2: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health.

Though there were improvements in maternal health of women such as a greater proportion of women in rural areas are receiving skilled assistance during delivery and all regions have shown progress in providing pregnant women with antenatal care, there are still areas where progress has not occurred or been slow such as the way poverty and lack of access to schooling contributes to high rates of adolescent pregnancy and that the vast majority of maternal deaths are avoidable if the appropriate health care is available.

The purpose of goal 6 is to reduce morbidity and mortality rates from HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases.

- largely preventable and contribute significantly to the global burden of disease - rates of HIV infection can be reduced through education and behaviour change - educating people about the risks of unprotected sex and the provision of condoms are cost-effective methods aimed at reducing the risk of HIV infection - maintaining the health of people infected with HIV is particularly important for women who are often the ones required to look after the sick - the prevention of HIV will significantly reduce the number of children who are orphaned - diseases such as tuberculosis are vaccine preventable

Target 1: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. Target 2: Achieve by 2010 universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for those who need it. Target 3: Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

There have been improvements in the combat of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases such as an increase in the number of people receiving antiretroviral therapy increaseing from 400,000 in 2003 to 4 million in 2008 and the decrease in mortality from AIDS-related conditions from 2.2 million deaths in 2004 and only 2 million in 2008. Although there are still areas where progress has not occurred or has been slow such as an increase in prevalence in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and other parts of Asia and in 2008, young people aged 15-24 accounted for 40% of new HIV infections among adults worldwide.

One of the purposes of Goal 7 is to maintain the qualities of the physical environment that are considered important for health and human development to ensure they are sustainable (that is, available) for future generations. This means addressing the needs of the current generation without compromising the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs. Reducing poverty and achieving sustainable human development needs to be done in conjunction with ensuring a healthy planet. This goal recognises the importance of the principles of sustainable development in the policies and programs of all countries to reduce and reverse the loss of environmental resources, which many people in both developing and developed countries rely upon for their livelihood. Another purpose of Goal 7 is to reduce biodiversity loss, as well as ensure access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation, which are important for promoting health and sustainable human development. Improving the lives of people living in slums is another key focus.

- requires the maintenance of a stable environment that provides resources such as fresh water, food, clean air, wood, fisheries and productive soils, and that protects people from floods, droughts, pest infestations and disease. Therefore it is important that all countries integrate the principles of sustainable development into their policies and programs. - Achieving environmental sustainability means reducing biodiversity loss by balancing the needs of humans with the maintenance of the ecosystems upon which human life depends (future generations rely upon) - More than 900 million people are classified as slum dwellers (no access to clean water, improved sanitation facilities, sufficient living space or houses of sufficient durability and structural quality)= greater risk of malnutrition, infectious diseases, injury and violence)

Target 1: Integrate principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources. Target 2: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss. Target 3: Halve by 2015 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Target 4: By 2020, to have achieved a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers.

There have been improvements in environmental sustainability such as tree planting programs in many countries, as well as the natural expansion of forests, has resulted in an additional 7 million hectares of new forests annually and significant progress has been made in access to safe drinking water in rural developing regions. Though there have also been areas where progress has not occurred or has been slow such as deforestation still being high in many countries despite the global decline and in 2010, there were nearly 17,000 species of plants and animals that were known to be threatened by extinction, which will have a significant impact on the ecosystems upon which life depends.

The purpose of Goal 8 is to address the needs of the least developed countries through the provision of official development assistance (ODA), also referred to as aid. In order to promote the economy in developing countries, the rules of trade must enable the least developed countries to competitively trade their goods on the global market. This goal sets targets for reducing the debt in developing countries. It is also focuses on the provision of affordable medications and increasing access to information and communications technology.

Through developing global partnerships, developed countries are able to assist developing countries in improving their economies to better meet the needs of their people, thereby improving standards. This results in a reduction in the morbidity and mortality rates in the developing country. Improving the economies of developing countries takes time. Therefore, while focusing on the development of economies, ODA is still required to address current health concerns, including the prevention and treatment of illness. The provision of medicines enables developing countries to treat illnesses, and information communications technology (ICT) assists in ensuring medical information can be accessed quickly. ICT also assists individuals in further developing their businesses.

Target 1: Address the special needs of the least developed countries, land-locked countries and small island developing states. Target 2: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system. Target 3: Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt. Target 4: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries. Target 5: In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications.

There have been some areas of success such as least developing countries are benefiting from reduced tariffs on imported goods from developed countries and an increase of 54%, between 1998 and 2008 of imports from developing countries being free of duty. Though there have been areas where progress has not occurred or been slow such as the global financial crisis and the slowdown in economic growth since 2008 reducing the previously expected level of GNI in developed countries and although access to the internet continues to expand, some developing regions have not experienced the same rate of expansion as developed countries.