question

The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

answer

the formation of a personal identity.

question

Children experiencing the Eriksonian conflict of trust vs. mistrust are also in what Piagetian stage?

answer

Sensorimotor

question

What does a conflict such as initiative vs. guilt represent in Erikson's theory?

answer

A developmental crisis

question

Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initiative vs. guilt. Her parents supervise her closely and direct all her activities. The danger is that Sally may

answer

have difficulty trusting her own judgement.

question

Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

answer

self-reliant

question

The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of

answer

confidence in their own ablitities

question

The school and the neighborhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?

answer

Industry vs. inferiority

question

As with most developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis

answer

may be an extended process

question

Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity

answer

achievement

question

June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two. Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else. In which of Erikson's stages is June?

answer

Identity foreclosure

question

Dependence on peers, parents, and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?

answer

Moratorium

question

Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?

answer

Integrity vs. despair

question

The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

answer

self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction

question

The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of

answer

constant self-evaluation in many different situations.

question

The implication of the "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea is that

answer

children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.

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Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a

answer

positive relationship

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Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have

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had little effect on increasing self-esteem

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Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by

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demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains

question

As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a state of

answer

morality of cooperation

question

What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according to relevant research?

answer

Concern for caring and justice

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(T/F) The practice of labeling exceptional students is clearly detrimental and should be discontinued.

answer

false

question

(T/F) A student can be both gifted and learning disabled

answer

true

question

The major difference between a disability and a handicap is that a disability is an inability to do something specific, such as being unable to hear or to walk, while a handicap

answer

is a disadvantage in certain situations.

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE about intelligence?

answer

It is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists.

question

According to the work of Cattell and Horn (1963, 1988), there are two types of intelligence

answer

fluid and crystalized

question

A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating

answer

crystalized intelligence

question

What psychologist developed the concept of mental age?

answer

Binet

question

Most psychologists today believe that intelligence is influenced

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about equally by heredity and environment

question

Terman's classic study found that children who are gifted tend to be

answer

larger and stronger as adults than their peers

question

Research indicates that gifted students who were popular in school were

answer

less likely to maintain serious intellectual interests as adults.

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Inclusion, as it relates to special education, means that students will

answer

participate in the typical subject-matter lessons in the school's regular classrooms.

question

What is the largest category of students with disabilities?

answer

students with an emotional handicap

question

Hyperactivity can be most accurately described as a

answer

variable set of conditions with differing sets of causes.

question

In treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is

answer

stimulants

question

Attention Deficit Disorder refers to a condition that

answer

affects an individual's ability to focus on tasks and/or be patient

question

Which one of the following situations is considered a language difference rather than a language disorder?

answer

speaking in a strong dialect

question

The trend today in educating students with mental retardation involves giving greater emphasis to what type of skill(s)?

answer

Self-help and domestic

question

A student is having a generalized epileptic seizure. Your first response as the teacher should be to

answer

move hard objects away from the student.

question

What type of approach to understanding language seems best for students with hearing impairments?

answer

a combination of speech and manual reading methods

question

All of the following student conditions are covered under Section 504 EXCEPT

answer

poverty

question

Almost every definition of mental retardation includes the idea that individuals with mental retardation

answer

cannot adapt adequately to their environment

question

Students often complain about Debbie. Debbie is always speaking very loudly even when circumstances do not call for such behavior. What type of problem is she demonstrating?

answer

voicing

question

conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response.

answer

A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. Through repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the a)neutral stimulus will come to be ignored. b)conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response. c)unconditioned response becomes its own stimulus. d)unconditioned response will become extinct.

question

response cost.

answer

Each time Robert fails to do his homework, five points are deducted from his total course points. The procedure being used by the teacher is a)negative reinforcement. b)presentation punishment. c)response cost. d)satiation

question

Make sure that the last response to a stimulus is the correct response.

answer

Which of the following is a practical implication of contiguity theory? a)Use intermittent reinforcement instead of continuous reinforcement. b)Make sure that the last response to a stimulus is the correct response. c)Use continuous reinforcement rather than intermittent reinforcement. d)Avoid the use of punishment whenever humanly possible.

question

increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.

answer

A consequence is defined by Skinner as a reinforcer or a punisher depending on whether it a)is designed to promote desirable behavior or suppress undesirable behavior. b)is pleasurable or uncomfortable for the subject receiving the consequence. c)occurs antecedent to or as a consequence of the behavior. d)increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.

question

praise-and-ignore techniques.

answer

During the first few days of class, Mr. Brackman noticed some isolated instances of minor misbehavior such as talking out of turn. His initial approach to dealing with this should probably be to use a)praise-and-ignore techniques. b)shaping c)response cost. d)prompting and cueing.

question

varied in price so that all students may be rewarded.

answer

Rewards to be purchased with earned tokens should be

question

classical conditioning.

answer

During music class Lisa enthusiastically sings aloud with her class, but the teacher comments, "Lisa, please...you sound like an owl in a torture chamber." Lisa turns bright red. The next week she feels ill when it is time to go to music class again. Feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of

question

in a contiguous relationship.

answer

In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be a)dependent upon reward. b)in a contiguous relationship. c)in a noncontiguous relationship. d)equivalent stimuli.

question

Variable-ratio

answer

Slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement? a)Fixed-interval b)Fixed-ratio c)Variable-interval d)Variable-ratio

question

Continuous

answer

Yancey turns on the water faucet to get a drink. What schedule of reinforcement typically prevails? a)Continuous b)Fixed-interval c)Variable-interval d)Variable-ratio

question

salivation to the can opener.

answer

In an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can, and no salivation by the subject is detected. After a number of pairings between the can opener's operation and food, any time the can opener is used, the subject salivates. The conditioned response in this study is the

question

may be both a positive and a negative influence.

answer

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of peer pressure in applying group consequences? Peer pressure a)can be effectively monitored by the teacher. should be eliminated as much as possible.b) c)has little effect on most misbehavior. d)may be both a positive and a negative influence.

question

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

answer

B. F. Skinner is to ________, as Ivan Pavlov is to ________.

question

Variable-ratio

answer

Mr. Saunders hates sending in his income tax forms each year and constantly worries that his return will be the "one" selected for auditing. Therefore, he completes the forms carefully and honestly in order to avoid a possible penalty, but he continues to worry about being audited. What reinforcement schedule is most likely to be involved?

question

extinction.

answer

Ray's temper tantrums have finally driven his mother to her "wits' end." Ray's mother resolves that she will ignore the tantrums no matter what. This plan is an example of

question

Describes the sequence of skills leading to a goal.

answer

Which one of the following is a major advantage of task analysis? a)Reduces the need for expository presentations. b)Describes the sequence of skills leading to a goal. c)Allows for creativity in student responses. d)Requires only minimal time to use.

question

focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior.

answer

Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning by a)focusing on animal behavior to a much greater extent than on human behavior. b)dealing primarily with reflexive types of responses. c)treating learners as passive rather then active agents. d)focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior.

question

insight

answer

Greg ponders over a math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies a)insight b)transfer c)problem representation. d)functional fixedness.

question

Social cognitive theory

answer

Which one of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on presenting models so that students can learn from observing others complete a task? a-Social cognitive theory b-Constructivist theoretical perspectives c-Expectancy-value theory d-Behavioral theory

question

Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning

answer

Mr. Jacoby is very effective at encouraging his students to become self-regulated learners because he includes the following in his teaching: a-Opportunities for students to develop their creative abilities b-Minimal feedback so that his students can evaluate their own work c-Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning d-Cooperative learning activities

question

There appears to be direct relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem.

answer

The following statement is true about the relation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. a-There is a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem only for non-academic tasks. There is no relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem for academic tasks. b-There appears to be direct relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem. c-There is a strong positive correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. As self-efficacy increases, self-esteem increases. d-There is a strong negative correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. As self-efficacy increases, self-esteem decreases.

question

Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies

answer

What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning? a-Self-efficacy, strategy use, volition b-Teaching, practice, goal-setting, reflective task analysis c-Modeling, reflection, self-evaluation, devising plans d-Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies

question

Humanistic

answer

The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation? a-Humanistic b-Behavioral c-Social learning d-Cognitive

question

Deficiency

answer

In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need? a-Self-actualization b-Deficiency c-Being d-Proficiency

question

Performance

answer

An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals? a-Extrinsic b-Work-avoidance c-Performance d-Intrinsic

question

locus of causality.

answer

A student's reason for acting is called a-locus of causality. b-intrinsic motivation. c-extrinsic motivation. d-self-determined.

question

Mastery-oriented

answer

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn? a-Failure-accepting b-Socially-oriented c-Failure-avoiding d-Mastery-oriented

question

Negative

answer

From the pioneering work of Yerkes and Dodson (1905) to present-day research results, what is the correlation between virtually every aspect of achievement and a wide variety of anxiety measures? a-Zero b-Negative c-Moderately positive d-Positive

question

desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.

answer

According to behavioral theory of motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n) a-inherent need to understand what they are learning. b-desire for gaining fulfillment for their accomplishments. c-desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior. d-need for social recognition and status.

question

feedback and goal acceptance.

answer

Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by a-seductive details. b-anxiety c-feedback and goal acceptance. d-performance goals.

question

focus on their failures and not seek assistance.

answer

Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to a-find ways to attribute their failures to others. b-focus on their failures and not seek assistance.

question

internal, stable, and uncontrollable.

answer

Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work. He makes poor marks in school and is not inclined to seek help. According to attribution theory, Harry is typical of students who attribute their failures to causes that are a-internal, stable, and controllable. b-external, unstable, and uncontrollable. c-internal, stable, and controllable. d-internal, stable, and uncontrollable.

question

failure-avoiding

answer

Sally sets unrealistically high goals for herself but is unsure about her abilities. Woolfolk would be likely to label Sally as a-mastery-oriented. b-failure-avoiding.

question

good self-control abilities

answer

In addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have

question

Ask families to keep records of the students self evaluation of progress

answer

Woolfolk suggests the following strategy for teachers in an effort to involve parents in supporting self-regulation within their child

question

Solving problems interdependently rather than asking for help

answer

Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation

question

triarchic reciprocal casuality

answer

In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors is called

question

I am usually good in math, so I will do well in this class

answer

Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy

question

Try harder when students have learning difficulties

answer

Erin is a fifth grade teacher who has a high degree of efficacy in teaching. Consequently, Erin will most likely

question

receive rewards or other reinforcements based on the quality of their performance

answer

Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students

question

Mental health

answer

John is a student who is giving you a hard time. He has a low IQ, experiences developmental delay, and physical illness. These are risk factors for

question

chronic failure of a parent's ability to provide or take care of a child

answer

Child neglect is defined as

question

any possession of offensive materials

answer

According to the Safe Schools Act, it is the mandated reporter's responsibility to report the following to their principal EXCEPT

question

Because it is the law in most states, the amount of time you spend with your students, and you can observe changes in students' behavior over time

answer

As a teacher, you are able to effectively report child abuse and are mandated to do so

question

Lack of attention in the classroom

answer

Which one of these is NOT an indicator that a student suffers from mental health issues

question

has to legally report any signs of abuse or report even if they only hear of abuse

answer

As a mandated reporter, a teacher

question

Physical development, social-emotional development, and cognitive development

answer

What affects mental health?

question

more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children

answer

Adults who were rejected as children tend to have

question

Authoritarian

answer

Sandra loves her daughter very much, but she believes parents should be very strict in their expectations of their child's behavior. Sandra's parenting style is described as

question

encounter problems with resolutions of later crises

answer

According to Erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to

question

An aggressive three year old

answer

Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others

question

become more aggressive

answer

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

question

observable actions

answer

Behavioral theories of learning emphasize

question

Peer pressure may be both a positive and a negative influence

answer

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of peer pressure in applying group consequences?

question

negative reinforcement

answer

Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies

question

punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it

answer

The essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that

question

an effective reinforcer for JIM

answer

During math lessons, Ms. Olson continually observed Jim reading stories from his Enlgish anthology. She has probably found

question

A preferred activty is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity

answer

The Premack Principle states that

question

Believed people learn through experiences and doing things that result in consequences (enactive) and through watching others (observational). Incentives affect performance. Performance isn't an indication of learning.

answer

What was Bandura's challenge to behavioral learning?

question

social cognitive

answer

recent years, Bandura focused on cognitive factors such as self-perceptions, expectations, and beliefs, so his theory is now called a ____________________________________ theory.

question

positive

answer

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is the effect of peers on self-regulation and motivation?

question

personal factors

answer

According to Bandura, expectations are part of which one of the elements that comprise reciprocal causality

question

mastery experiences-own direct experiences. success raises efficacy beliefs, failure lowers

answer

According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, where does the most important and influential source of self-efficacy information come from?

question

receiving rewards promotes reinforcement relationship btwn self-eff and achievement holds even when abilitys taken into account

answer

What does research on self-efficacy and achievement suggest regarding school achievement and improved self-efficacy?

question

triarchich reciprocal causality

answer

In social cognitive theory, the interaction of forces that influence learning is called __________________________________________.

question

social learning theory

answer

What did Bandura's early work on behavioral conceptions of learning on

question

key element of soc cog theory. dvlpt level of observer (attention and memory strategeys) more likely to immitate others who seem competent models seen as similar are more readily repeated

answer

What do we know about learning by observing others?

question

human agency

answer

The notion that students that students have the capacity to exercise influences over their life events and coordinate their own learning, motivation, and emotions is referred to as _____________________________________________.

question

mastery experiences

answer

One of the best ways teachers can increase a student's sense of self-efficacy for a task is to ensure they have __________________________________________.

question

vicarious experiences

answer

you watch another teacher successfully teach students how to design a web page and you say to yourself "if he can do it, I can do it", you are relying on _______________________ as a source of self-efficacy information.

question

Attention, retention, production, motivation.

answer

Which one of the following in the correct sequence of phases for Bandura's model of observational learning?

question

bring Lionel back into class participation in small steps.

answer

Lionel was humiliated when he forgot his lines in a play. Now he refuses to take part in any function of the speech class. Based on the behavioral principles discussed by Woolfolk, the best strategy for Lionel's teacher would be to

question

Describe the sequence of skills leading to a goal.

answer

Which one of the following is a major advantage of task analysis?

question

Sheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling problem.

answer

Which one of the following people illustrates the best example of creative behavior?

question

value and care about learning

answer

One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must

question

In addition to beliefs and self-perceptions, expectations play a key role in Bandura's social cognitive theory.

answer

Which one of the following statements is TRUE about the role of expectations in social cognitive theory?

question

regulation

answer

Suzie keeps reminding her friend Bob to repeat the score before he serves the tennis ball. Suzie is engaging in a form of shared

question

an effective way to learning new knowledge and skills.

answer

Learning by observing others is:

question

modeling how to set specific goals.

answer

Mr. Snow, the math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by

question

self-efficacy for math

answer

A student who successfully converts a fraction to a decimal yells out "I did it.. I can do it" is demonstrating a strong sense of

question

the individual reflecting upon what has been learned and thinking about his or her performance.

answer

Zimmerman's model of self-regulated learning ends the cycle with

question

incomplete

answer

Bandura suggested that the main limitation of behavioral views of learning is that these views are

question

Deficiency

answer

In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?

question

Not interested in the subject

answer

Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are

question

zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero

answer

An "expectancy X value" theory would predict that motivation would necessarily be

question

internal, stable, and controllable

answer

As Jim looks at his report card, he remarks to Judy, "I got the B because I really didn't work hard in Mr. Wendell's Calculus class. According to Weiner, Jim is attributing the cause of his grade to causes that are

question

Performance

answer

An entity view of ability is consistent to what type of goals?

question

Mastery Oriented

answer

As need for achievement increases in spite of fear or failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn?

question

Focus on their failures and not seek assistance

answer

Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to

question

Expectation of failure

answer

What type of belief do failure- accepting students have?

question

Internal

answer

Pat believes that the reason for her success in reading is effort she puts into it. Pat is reflecting what type of locus of control?

question

self-efficacy

answer

Ms. Jackson perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of

question

Solving problems independently rather than asking for help when needed

answer

Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation?

question

At the beginning of each session, students should set new goals based on their previous math performance

answer

Which one of the following teaching approaches does Lynn Fuch (2003) recommend for incorporating self-regulated learning strategies into math-problem solving?

question

can serve as important models and facilitate student learning

answer

According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, peers

question

get defensive

answer

When failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to

question

may be an extended process

answer

As with most developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis

question

There are major differences between boys and girls in all subject areas

answer

A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:

question

doubts about his ability

answer

Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty in completing his science laboratory work, Ms. Butterfield quickly offers to help him and encourages him to continue working. According to Graham (1991), Ms. Butterfield's behavior is likely to result in Matt developing

question

attention being diverted from the learning task to a preoccupation with one's feelings.

answer

As reported by Woolfolk, the debilitating effects of anxiety are viewed to be due to

question

Negative

answer

From the pioneering work of Yerkes and Dodson (1905) to present-day research results, what is the correlation between virtually every aspect of achievement and a wide variety of anxiety measures?

question

An inner state that arouses, directs, and maintains a person's behavior

answer

Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation?

question

intrinsic

answer

Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?

question

"Accomplishing this should make me better prepared for Biology 101."

answer

Which one of the following quotes exemplifies a learning or mastery goal?

question

emotions

answer

Learning and information processing are influenced by reasoning and problem solving as well as by

question

internal causes

answer

Pride or shame for one's own actions is likely to be felt most strongly by those who attribute their actions to

question

"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class."

answer

Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?

question

using a reinforcer before a low-frequency behavior.

answer

Ms. Johnson's sixth graders complained about diagramming sentences, and they were able convince her to show a movie first. Ms. Johnson made the common error of

question

Michael decides that he has no chance of passing the seventh grade or getting out of school.

answer

Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the concept of learned helplessness as an explanation for failure by low socioeconomic status children?

question

culture

answer

The rules and traditions that guide the behavior of a group comprise its

question

Reciprocal Causality

answer

In Bandura's social cognitive learning, the interaction among personal factors,and environmental events is called

question

Receive rewards or other reinforcements based on quality of their performances

answer

Research on self efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self efficacy is increased when students

question

Intrinsic

answer

On Sunday afternoon, Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and can for a picturesque section of the wildlife refuge,, even though there is no pay. Ricks motivation is

question

Extrinsic

answer

Ms. Riley tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?

question

Intrinsic Needs

answer

In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on

question

Humanistic

answer

The concept of self determination is an important influence in what view of motivation

question

People frequently attend to needs in different orders

answer

Maslow hierarchy of needs has been criticized because

question

Affective way of learning knew knowledge

answer

Learning by observing others is

question

A lack of effort

answer

Sara attributes failures to internal causes. Consiquently she is likely to blame her poor mark in science on her

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