Combo with "Educational Psych 3-4" and 1 other – Flashcards
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Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more
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self-reliant
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The way that children resolve the autonomy vs. shame and doubt crisis influences their later sense of
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confidence in their own ablitities
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The school and the neighborhood first become highly important influences during what Eriksonian stage?
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Industry vs. inferiority
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As with most developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis
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may be an extended process
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Seventeen-year-old Carl has considered several career options and has developed a firm career goal. Carl is experiencing identity
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achievement
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June's mother always wanted to be an actress and started leading June in that direction at around age two. Now June sees herself as an actress and nothing else. In which of Erikson's stages is June?
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Identity foreclosure
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Dependence on peers, parents, and others begins to change to independence during what identity status?
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Moratorium
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Which one of Erikson's crises would you be LEAST likely to encounter in a K-12 classroom?
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Integrity vs. despair
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The difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that
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self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction
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The development of children's self-concept evolves by means of
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constant self-evaluation in many different situations.
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The implication of the "Big Fish, Little Pond" idea is that
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children in "average" schools may feel better about their own abilities than those in "high-ability" schools.
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Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a
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positive relationship
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Programs designed to increase students' self-esteem such as "Student of the Month" have
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had little effect on increasing self-esteem
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Woolfolk has suggested that self-esteem is probably increased the most by
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demonstrating competence in valued knowledge domains
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As children develop perspective-taking abilities, there is a gradual movement toward a state of
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morality of cooperation
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What is the important base for moral reasoning in both women and men, according to relevant research?
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Concern for caring and justice
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(T/F) The practice of labeling exceptional students is clearly detrimental and should be discontinued.
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false
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(T/F) A student can be both gifted and learning disabled
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true
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The major difference between a disability and a handicap is that a disability is an inability to do something specific, such as being unable to hear or to walk, while a handicap
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is a disadvantage in certain situations.
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE about intelligence?
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It is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists.
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According to the work of Cattell and Horn (1963, 1988), there are two types of intelligence
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fluid and crystalized
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A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating
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crystalized intelligence
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What psychologist developed the concept of mental age?
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Binet
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Most psychologists today believe that intelligence is influenced
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about equally by heredity and environment
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Terman's classic study found that children who are gifted tend to be
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larger and stronger as adults than their peers
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Research indicates that gifted students who were popular in school were
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less likely to maintain serious intellectual interests as adults.
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Inclusion, as it relates to special education, means that students will
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participate in the typical subject-matter lessons in the school's regular classrooms.
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What is the largest category of students with disabilities?
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students with an emotional handicap
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Hyperactivity can be most accurately described as a
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variable set of conditions with differing sets of causes.
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In treating hyperactivity, the medication that seems to work best is
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stimulants
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Attention Deficit Disorder refers to a condition that
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affects an individual's ability to focus on tasks and/or be patient
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Which one of the following situations is considered a language difference rather than a language disorder?
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speaking in a strong dialect
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The trend today in educating students with mental retardation involves giving greater emphasis to what type of skill(s)?
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Self-help and domestic
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A student is having a generalized epileptic seizure. Your first response as the teacher should be to
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move hard objects away from the student.
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What type of approach to understanding language seems best for students with hearing impairments?
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a combination of speech and manual reading methods
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All of the following student conditions are covered under Section 504 EXCEPT
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poverty
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Almost every definition of mental retardation includes the idea that individuals with mental retardation
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cannot adapt adequately to their environment
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Students often complain about Debbie. Debbie is always speaking very loudly even when circumstances do not call for such behavior. What type of problem is she demonstrating?
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voicing
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conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response.
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A neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that brings about an unconditioned response. Through repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the a)neutral stimulus will come to be ignored. b)conditioned stimulus will trigger a conditioned response. c)unconditioned response becomes its own stimulus. d)unconditioned response will become extinct.
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response cost.
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Each time Robert fails to do his homework, five points are deducted from his total course points. The procedure being used by the teacher is a)negative reinforcement. b)presentation punishment. c)response cost. d)satiation
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Make sure that the last response to a stimulus is the correct response.
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Which of the following is a practical implication of contiguity theory? a)Use intermittent reinforcement instead of continuous reinforcement. b)Make sure that the last response to a stimulus is the correct response. c)Use continuous reinforcement rather than intermittent reinforcement. d)Avoid the use of punishment whenever humanly possible.
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increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.
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A consequence is defined by Skinner as a reinforcer or a punisher depending on whether it a)is designed to promote desirable behavior or suppress undesirable behavior. b)is pleasurable or uncomfortable for the subject receiving the consequence. c)occurs antecedent to or as a consequence of the behavior. d)increases or decreases the frequency of the behavior that it follows.
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praise-and-ignore techniques.
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During the first few days of class, Mr. Brackman noticed some isolated instances of minor misbehavior such as talking out of turn. His initial approach to dealing with this should probably be to use a)praise-and-ignore techniques. b)shaping c)response cost. d)prompting and cueing.
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varied in price so that all students may be rewarded.
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Rewards to be purchased with earned tokens should be
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classical conditioning.
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During music class Lisa enthusiastically sings aloud with her class, but the teacher comments, "Lisa, please...you sound like an owl in a torture chamber." Lisa turns bright red. The next week she feels ill when it is time to go to music class again. Feeling anxiety at the prospect of going to music class is an example of
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in a contiguous relationship.
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In classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus must be a)dependent upon reward. b)in a contiguous relationship. c)in a noncontiguous relationship. d)equivalent stimuli.
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Variable-ratio
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Slot machines that pay off after an indeterminate number of uses illustrate what schedule of reinforcement? a)Fixed-interval b)Fixed-ratio c)Variable-interval d)Variable-ratio
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Continuous
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Yancey turns on the water faucet to get a drink. What schedule of reinforcement typically prevails? a)Continuous b)Fixed-interval c)Variable-interval d)Variable-ratio
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salivation to the can opener.
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In an experiment, an electric can opener is used to open a can, and no salivation by the subject is detected. After a number of pairings between the can opener's operation and food, any time the can opener is used, the subject salivates. The conditioned response in this study is the
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may be both a positive and a negative influence.
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of peer pressure in applying group consequences? Peer pressure a)can be effectively monitored by the teacher. should be eliminated as much as possible.b) c)has little effect on most misbehavior. d)may be both a positive and a negative influence.
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operant conditioning; classical conditioning
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B. F. Skinner is to ________, as Ivan Pavlov is to ________.
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Variable-ratio
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Mr. Saunders hates sending in his income tax forms each year and constantly worries that his return will be the "one" selected for auditing. Therefore, he completes the forms carefully and honestly in order to avoid a possible penalty, but he continues to worry about being audited. What reinforcement schedule is most likely to be involved?
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extinction.
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Ray's temper tantrums have finally driven his mother to her "wits' end." Ray's mother resolves that she will ignore the tantrums no matter what. This plan is an example of
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Describes the sequence of skills leading to a goal.
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Which one of the following is a major advantage of task analysis? a)Reduces the need for expository presentations. b)Describes the sequence of skills leading to a goal. c)Allows for creativity in student responses. d)Requires only minimal time to use.
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focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior.
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Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning by a)focusing on animal behavior to a much greater extent than on human behavior. b)dealing primarily with reflexive types of responses. c)treating learners as passive rather then active agents. d)focusing on the consequences of voluntary behavior.
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insight
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Greg ponders over a math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes pass as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies a)insight b)transfer c)problem representation. d)functional fixedness.
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Social cognitive theory
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Which one of the following theories places the greatest emphasis on presenting models so that students can learn from observing others complete a task? a-Social cognitive theory b-Constructivist theoretical perspectives c-Expectancy-value theory d-Behavioral theory
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Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning
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Mr. Jacoby is very effective at encouraging his students to become self-regulated learners because he includes the following in his teaching: a-Opportunities for students to develop their creative abilities b-Minimal feedback so that his students can evaluate their own work c-Direct instruction on the aspects of self-regulated learning d-Cooperative learning activities
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There appears to be direct relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem.
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The following statement is true about the relation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. a-There is a strong relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem only for non-academic tasks. There is no relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem for academic tasks. b-There appears to be direct relationship between self-efficacy and self-esteem. c-There is a strong positive correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. As self-efficacy increases, self-esteem increases. d-There is a strong negative correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem. As self-efficacy increases, self-esteem decreases.
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Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies
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What are the steps involved in self-regulated learning? a-Self-efficacy, strategy use, volition b-Teaching, practice, goal-setting, reflective task analysis c-Modeling, reflection, self-evaluation, devising plans d-Analyzing the task, setting goals, devising plans, enacting strategies
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Humanistic
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The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation? a-Humanistic b-Behavioral c-Social learning d-Cognitive
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Deficiency
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In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need? a-Self-actualization b-Deficiency c-Being d-Proficiency
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Performance
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An entity view of ability is consistent with what type of goals? a-Extrinsic b-Work-avoidance c-Performance d-Intrinsic
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locus of causality.
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A student's reason for acting is called a-locus of causality. b-intrinsic motivation. c-extrinsic motivation. d-self-determined.
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Mastery-oriented
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As need for achievement increases in spite of fear of failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn? a-Failure-accepting b-Socially-oriented c-Failure-avoiding d-Mastery-oriented
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Negative
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From the pioneering work of Yerkes and Dodson (1905) to present-day research results, what is the correlation between virtually every aspect of achievement and a wide variety of anxiety measures? a-Zero b-Negative c-Moderately positive d-Positive
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desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior.
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According to behavioral theory of motivation, students are motivated primarily by a(n) a-inherent need to understand what they are learning. b-desire for gaining fulfillment for their accomplishments. c-desire to gain reinforcers for their behavior. d-need for social recognition and status.
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feedback and goal acceptance.
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Individuals are naturally motivated to learn by a-seductive details. b-anxiety c-feedback and goal acceptance. d-performance goals.
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focus on their failures and not seek assistance.
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Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to a-find ways to attribute their failures to others. b-focus on their failures and not seek assistance.
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internal, stable, and uncontrollable.
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Harry is apathetic and certain that he is not able to do the work. He makes poor marks in school and is not inclined to seek help. According to attribution theory, Harry is typical of students who attribute their failures to causes that are a-internal, stable, and controllable. b-external, unstable, and uncontrollable. c-internal, stable, and controllable. d-internal, stable, and uncontrollable.
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failure-avoiding
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Sally sets unrealistically high goals for herself but is unsure about her abilities. Woolfolk would be likely to label Sally as a-mastery-oriented. b-failure-avoiding.
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good self-control abilities
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In addition to academic learning skills, self-regulated learners have
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Ask families to keep records of the students self evaluation of progress
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Woolfolk suggests the following strategy for teachers in an effort to involve parents in supporting self-regulation within their child
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Solving problems interdependently rather than asking for help
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Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation
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triarchic reciprocal casuality
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In Bandura's social cognitive learning theory, the interaction among personal factors, environmental events, and behaviors is called
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I am usually good in math, so I will do well in this class
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Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy
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Try harder when students have learning difficulties
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Erin is a fifth grade teacher who has a high degree of efficacy in teaching. Consequently, Erin will most likely
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receive rewards or other reinforcements based on the quality of their performance
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Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students
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Mental health
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John is a student who is giving you a hard time. He has a low IQ, experiences developmental delay, and physical illness. These are risk factors for
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chronic failure of a parent's ability to provide or take care of a child
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Child neglect is defined as
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any possession of offensive materials
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According to the Safe Schools Act, it is the mandated reporter's responsibility to report the following to their principal EXCEPT
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Because it is the law in most states, the amount of time you spend with your students, and you can observe changes in students' behavior over time
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As a teacher, you are able to effectively report child abuse and are mandated to do so
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Lack of attention in the classroom
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Which one of these is NOT an indicator that a student suffers from mental health issues
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has to legally report any signs of abuse or report even if they only hear of abuse
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As a mandated reporter, a teacher
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Physical development, social-emotional development, and cognitive development
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What affects mental health?
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more problems than adults who had close friends when they were children
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Adults who were rejected as children tend to have
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Authoritarian
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Sandra loves her daughter very much, but she believes parents should be very strict in their expectations of their child's behavior. Sandra's parenting style is described as
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encounter problems with resolutions of later crises
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According to Erikson, if a child fails to resolve a crisis at an early stage, the child is apt to
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An aggressive three year old
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Based on recent studies, which of the following children is likely to have the greatest difficulty with assessing the intention of others
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become more aggressive
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Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively
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observable actions
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Behavioral theories of learning emphasize
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Peer pressure may be both a positive and a negative influence
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding the use of peer pressure in applying group consequences?
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negative reinforcement
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Removing an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior exemplifies
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punishment decreases the behavior while negative reinforcement increases it
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The essential difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that
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an effective reinforcer for JIM
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During math lessons, Ms. Olson continually observed Jim reading stories from his Enlgish anthology. She has probably found
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A preferred activty is a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity
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The Premack Principle states that
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Believed people learn through experiences and doing things that result in consequences (enactive) and through watching others (observational). Incentives affect performance. Performance isn't an indication of learning.
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What was Bandura's challenge to behavioral learning?
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social cognitive
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recent years, Bandura focused on cognitive factors such as self-perceptions, expectations, and beliefs, so his theory is now called a ____________________________________ theory.
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positive
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According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, what is the effect of peers on self-regulation and motivation?
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personal factors
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According to Bandura, expectations are part of which one of the elements that comprise reciprocal causality
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mastery experiences-own direct experiences. success raises efficacy beliefs, failure lowers
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According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, where does the most important and influential source of self-efficacy information come from?
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receiving rewards promotes reinforcement relationship btwn self-eff and achievement holds even when abilitys taken into account
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What does research on self-efficacy and achievement suggest regarding school achievement and improved self-efficacy?
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triarchich reciprocal causality
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In social cognitive theory, the interaction of forces that influence learning is called __________________________________________.
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social learning theory
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What did Bandura's early work on behavioral conceptions of learning on
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key element of soc cog theory. dvlpt level of observer (attention and memory strategeys) more likely to immitate others who seem competent models seen as similar are more readily repeated
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What do we know about learning by observing others?
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human agency
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The notion that students that students have the capacity to exercise influences over their life events and coordinate their own learning, motivation, and emotions is referred to as _____________________________________________.
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mastery experiences
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One of the best ways teachers can increase a student's sense of self-efficacy for a task is to ensure they have __________________________________________.
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vicarious experiences
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you watch another teacher successfully teach students how to design a web page and you say to yourself "if he can do it, I can do it", you are relying on _______________________ as a source of self-efficacy information.
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Attention, retention, production, motivation.
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Which one of the following in the correct sequence of phases for Bandura's model of observational learning?
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bring Lionel back into class participation in small steps.
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Lionel was humiliated when he forgot his lines in a play. Now he refuses to take part in any function of the speech class. Based on the behavioral principles discussed by Woolfolk, the best strategy for Lionel's teacher would be to
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Describe the sequence of skills leading to a goal.
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Which one of the following is a major advantage of task analysis?
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Sheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling problem.
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Which one of the following people illustrates the best example of creative behavior?
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value and care about learning
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One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must
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In addition to beliefs and self-perceptions, expectations play a key role in Bandura's social cognitive theory.
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE about the role of expectations in social cognitive theory?
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regulation
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Suzie keeps reminding her friend Bob to repeat the score before he serves the tennis ball. Suzie is engaging in a form of shared
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an effective way to learning new knowledge and skills.
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Learning by observing others is:
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modeling how to set specific goals.
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Mr. Snow, the math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by
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self-efficacy for math
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A student who successfully converts a fraction to a decimal yells out "I did it.. I can do it" is demonstrating a strong sense of
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the individual reflecting upon what has been learned and thinking about his or her performance.
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Zimmerman's model of self-regulated learning ends the cycle with
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incomplete
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Bandura suggested that the main limitation of behavioral views of learning is that these views are
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Deficiency
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In Maslow's hierarchy, self-esteem is considered to be what type of need?
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Not interested in the subject
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Externally imposed reward systems seem particularly appropriate for students who are
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zero if either expectation to succeed or the perceived value of a goal is zero
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An "expectancy X value" theory would predict that motivation would necessarily be
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internal, stable, and controllable
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As Jim looks at his report card, he remarks to Judy, "I got the B because I really didn't work hard in Mr. Wendell's Calculus class. According to Weiner, Jim is attributing the cause of his grade to causes that are
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Performance
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An entity view of ability is consistent to what type of goals?
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Mastery Oriented
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As need for achievement increases in spite of fear or failure, what type of student will be motivated to learn?
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Focus on their failures and not seek assistance
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Students who demonstrate "learned helplessness" are likely to
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Expectation of failure
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What type of belief do failure- accepting students have?
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Internal
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Pat believes that the reason for her success in reading is effort she puts into it. Pat is reflecting what type of locus of control?
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self-efficacy
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Ms. Jackson perception of her capabilities to effectively deal with a particular task is her sense of
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Solving problems independently rather than asking for help when needed
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Which one of the following is NOT an essential component of emotional self-regulation?
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At the beginning of each session, students should set new goals based on their previous math performance
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Which one of the following teaching approaches does Lynn Fuch (2003) recommend for incorporating self-regulated learning strategies into math-problem solving?
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can serve as important models and facilitate student learning
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According to Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory, peers
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get defensive
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When failure does occur, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to
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may be an extended process
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As with most developmental crises, the resolution of the identity crisis
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There are major differences between boys and girls in all subject areas
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A recent study that followed 761 middle-class students from first grade through high school discovered the following about diversity and self-esteem:
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doubts about his ability
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Whenever Matt appears to be having difficulty in completing his science laboratory work, Ms. Butterfield quickly offers to help him and encourages him to continue working. According to Graham (1991), Ms. Butterfield's behavior is likely to result in Matt developing
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attention being diverted from the learning task to a preoccupation with one's feelings.
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As reported by Woolfolk, the debilitating effects of anxiety are viewed to be due to
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Negative
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From the pioneering work of Yerkes and Dodson (1905) to present-day research results, what is the correlation between virtually every aspect of achievement and a wide variety of anxiety measures?
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An inner state that arouses, directs, and maintains a person's behavior
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Which one of the following statements is the most accurate definition of motivation?
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intrinsic
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Being interested in a task because the activity is enjoyable is what type of motivation?
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"Accomplishing this should make me better prepared for Biology 101."
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Which one of the following quotes exemplifies a learning or mastery goal?
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emotions
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Learning and information processing are influenced by reasoning and problem solving as well as by
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internal causes
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Pride or shame for one's own actions is likely to be felt most strongly by those who attribute their actions to
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"I am usually good at math, so I will do well in this class."
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Which one of the following quotes is an example of high self-efficacy?
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using a reinforcer before a low-frequency behavior.
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Ms. Johnson's sixth graders complained about diagramming sentences, and they were able convince her to show a movie first. Ms. Johnson made the common error of
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Michael decides that he has no chance of passing the seventh grade or getting out of school.
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Which one of the following students BEST illustrates the concept of learned helplessness as an explanation for failure by low socioeconomic status children?
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culture
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The rules and traditions that guide the behavior of a group comprise its
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Reciprocal Causality
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In Bandura's social cognitive learning, the interaction among personal factors,and environmental events is called
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Receive rewards or other reinforcements based on quality of their performances
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Research on self efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self efficacy is increased when students
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Intrinsic
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On Sunday afternoon, Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and can for a picturesque section of the wildlife refuge,, even though there is no pay. Ricks motivation is
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Extrinsic
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Ms. Riley tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?
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Intrinsic Needs
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In most humanistic theories, motivation is based on
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Humanistic
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The concept of self determination is an important influence in what view of motivation
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People frequently attend to needs in different orders
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Maslow hierarchy of needs has been criticized because
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Affective way of learning knew knowledge
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Learning by observing others is
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A lack of effort
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Sara attributes failures to internal causes. Consiquently she is likely to blame her poor mark in science on her
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