Combo with "CHPTER 14" and 1 other – Flashcards
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1) Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? A) bacteria in the human colon B) tapeworm in the human intestine C) tuberculosis in the human lung D) protozoa in termites E) microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
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E
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2) Mutualism is a relationship A) that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other. B) where only one member derives benefit from the other. C) where one member of the relationship may kill the other. D) where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. E) where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.
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A
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3) A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as A) commensalism. B) mutualism. C) parasitism. D) both commensalism and parasitism. E) a nonsymbiotic relationship.
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B
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4) The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as A) a parasite. B) resident microbiota. C) a mutualist symbiotic partner. D) transient microbiota. E) both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.
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E
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5) Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? A) mucous membrane portal B) parenteral route C) skin portal D) contact E) fomite
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B
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6) Symptoms are A) subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. B) objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. C) objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. D) characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. E) laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease.
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A
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7) Axenic systems of the body include A) the nasal cavity. B) the mouth. C) the urethra. D) the kidneys. E) the conjunctiva of the eye.
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D
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8) In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A) A pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. B) A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. C) A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. D) Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin. E) A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle.
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B
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9) Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? A) The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease. B) The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. C) The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory. D) It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. E) The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.
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E
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10) Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? A) The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. B) Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. C) Microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. D) Microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. E) Microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal.
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C
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11) Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens? A) growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin B) growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine C) treatment of a cancer patient with radiation D) growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth E) presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon
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C
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12) Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? A) Candida B) Lactobacillus C) E. coli D) Bacteroides E) both Candida and Lactobacillus
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E
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13) Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? A) neurotoxins B) coagulase C) lipid A D) streptokinase E) collagenase
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A
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14) Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? A) coagulase B) enterotoxin C) hemolysin D) hyaluronidase E) coagulase and hemolysin
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D
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15) Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? A) the incubation period B) the prodromal period C) the illness period D) the decline period E) the convalescence period
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C
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16) Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? A) ringworm B) warts C) gonorrhea D) yellow fever E) cutaneous anthrax
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D
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17) Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? A) cockroach transmission of Shigella B) mosquito transmission of Plasmodium C) flea transmission of Yersinia D) tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma E) louse transmission of Rickettsia
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A
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18) Which of the following is a sign of disease? A) headache B) dizziness C) fever D) nausea E) cramps
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C
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19) A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired A) by being bitten by an infected insect. B) by eating contaminated food. C) by using a contaminated needle. D) in a health care facility. E) by having unprotected sexual intercourse
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D
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20) Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as A) iatrogenic infections. B) exogenous infections. C) opportunistic infections. D) endogenous infections. E) subacute infections.
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A
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21) Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world? A) contaminated fomites B) fecal-oral infection C) waterborne transmission D) foodborne transmission E) bodily fluid transmission
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B
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22) Acne is an example of a A) contagious disease. B) subacute disease. C) chronic disease. D) noncommunicable disease. E) latent disease.
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D
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23) In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) __________ disease. A) epidemic B) endemic C) sporadic D) pandemic E) opportunistic
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A
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24) The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means A) 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. B) 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S. in the year 2000. C) there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. D) there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. E) 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.
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C
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25) The index case is the first case of a disease A) identified in a given area or population. B) in a given area or population resulting in patient death. C) in a given area or population in which the patient recovers. D) transmitted to another individual in a given area or population. E) to be successfully treated in a given area or population.
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A
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26) In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? A) mosquitoes B) aerosols C) contact D) contaminated water E) flies
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D
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27) Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? A) experimental epidemiology B) descriptive epidemiology C) analytical epidemiology D) systemic epidemiology E) retrospective epidemiology
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A
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28) Aerosols may be involved in __________ transmission of pathogens. A) droplet B) direct C) vector D) fecal-oral E) waterborne
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A
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29) Fomites are A) insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. B) inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. C) fecal material from infected hosts. D) animal sources for human pathogens. E) silent carriers of infectious diseases.
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B
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30) Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was DISPROVEN using Koch's postulates? A) HIV and AIDS B) Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy C) Hepatitis B and D and liver cancer D) Varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox E) Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
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E
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31) Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis? A) typhus B) rabies C) typhoid fever D) salmonellosis E) anthrax
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C
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32) Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? A) convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline B) prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline C) incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline D) incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence E) illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline
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D
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33) Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen? A) via animals B) via air C) via drinking water D) via food E) via body fluid
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A
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34) Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of A) pseudomembranous colitis. B) botulism. C) tetanus. D) cholera. E) bed sores.
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A
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35) Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? A) Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin B) Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M C) Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin D) Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A E) Escherichia coli and cytotoxin
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B
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36) A pathogen is best described as A) a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. B) any microorganism that causes disease. C) an organism that remains in the body for a short time. D) a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) a source of microbial contamination.
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B
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37) Microbes known as transient microbiota are A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes. E) sources of microbial contamination.
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C
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38) Opportunistic microorganisms are A) a source of microbial contamination. B) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) organisms that remain in the body for a short time and cause disease.
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D
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39) Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as A) microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. B) any microorganisms that cause disease. C) organisms that remain in the body for a short time. D) microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. E) microorganisms that never cause disease.
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A
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40) The condition known as mutualism is A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) an environment that is free of microbes. E) a relationship in which two organisms coexist only for a short time.
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C
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41) Commensalism is best described as A) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. B) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. C) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. D) a relationship in which a microorganism causes disease. E) a source of contamination.
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B
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42) The condition called parasitism is characterized as A) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. B) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. C) a nonsymbiotic relationship. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.
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E
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43) An axenic environment is one A) in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. B) that is free of microbes. C) that is a source of contamination. D) in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. E) contaminated by microbial toxins.
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B
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44) The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as A) microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. B) a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. C) a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. D) an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. E) a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.
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D
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45) A reservoir is A) a source of microbial contamination. B) an environment that is free of microbes. C) any microorganism that causes disease. D) a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. E) a source of microbes for laboratory testing.
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A
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1) In commensalism, one member of the relationship harms the other.
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B
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2) Normal microbiota may cause disease if they are introduced into an unusual site in the body.
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A
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3) A syndrome is a group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease.
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A
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4) All diseases go through the stages known as incubation period, prodromal period, and illness.
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B
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5) Fomites cause disease by direct contact.
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B
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6) A common cold is an example of a chronic disease.
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B
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7) Infection from a mosquito bite is an example of the parenteral route of transmission.
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T
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8) An antiphagocytic factor is one that permits pathogens to avoid attack by macrophages.
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A
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9) Koch's postulates can be applied to every infectious disease to identify its causative pathogen.
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B
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10) An infection always leads to disease.
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B
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there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000.
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The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means that 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. 12.43/100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000. 12.43/100,000 died of tuberculosis in the United States in the year 2000. there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.
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the respiratory tract
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Which of the following is the most frequently used portal of entry for pathogens? the respiratory tract the eyes and skin the digestive tract the placenta the urinary tract
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inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.
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Fomites are inanimate objects that participate in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. animal sources for human pathogens. silent carriers of infectious diseases. insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. fecal material from infected hosts.
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noncommunicable disease
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Acne is an example of a latent disease. noncommunicable disease. chronic disease. contagious disease. subacute disease.
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Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
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Which of the following microbe/disease pairs was disproven using Koch's postulates? Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox HIV and AIDS hepatitis B and D and liver cancer Haemophilus influenzae and the flu
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collagenase
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Which of the following allow(s) bacteria to invade deeper tissues? collagenase coagulase neurotoxins lipid A streptokinase
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identified in a given area or population.
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The index case is the first case of a disease transmitted to another individual in a given area or population. in a given area or population in which the patient recovers. in a given area or population resulting in patient death. identified in a given area or population. to be successfully treated in a given area or population.
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the lower respiratory tract.
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Resident microbiota are found in all of the following locations in the body EXCEPT: the upper respiratory tract. the upper digestive tract. the lower digestive tract. the urinary system. the lower respiratory tract.
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...
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Which of the following may not always be a part of an infectious disease process? the decline period the illness period the convalescence period the incubation period the prodromal period
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fecal-oral infection
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Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world? body fluid transmission waterborne transmission foodborne transmission contaminated fomites fecal-oral infection
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treatment of a cancer patient with radiation
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Which of the following situations might cause normal flora to become opportunistic pathogens? treatment of a cancer patient with radiation growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon
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...
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Droplet nuclei are a factor in which of the following modes of transmission? contact vehicle vector Both A and B are correct. Both B and C are correct.
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via animals
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Which of the following is not considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen? via body fluid via air via drinking water via animals via food
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the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors.
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According to Koch's postulates, in order to prove that any given infectious agent causes a certain disease a scientist must satisfy all of the following requirements EXCEPT: the cultured pathogen must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy and susceptible experimental host. the same pathogen must be reisolated in the diseased experimental host. the disease is caused by a combination of infectious pathogens and environmental factors. the pathogen must be cultured and isolated from every case of the disease. the pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
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microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus
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Which of the following is not an example of symbiosis? bacteria in the human colon tuberculosis in the human lung microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus protozoa in termites tapeworm in the human intestine
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Staphylococcus.
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All of the following are normal microbiota found in the lower digestive tract EXCEPT: Shigella. Candida. Escherichia. Proteus. Staphylococcus.
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They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota.
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Which of the following statements concerning transient microbiota is false? They can be eliminated by competition with other microbes. They remain in the body for only a short time. They are found in different locations from the resident microbiota. They are not able to resist the body's defenses. All of these are true statements.
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introduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears
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Which of the following is an example of the mucous membranes serving as a portal of entry for disease? a bite by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite the crossing of a pathogen from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta tntroduction into the body by rubbing the eye with contaminated fingers and washing into the nasal cavity by way of tears an injection with a contaminated needle digestion of the outer layer of the skin by fungi
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If both members benefit, they can't live without each other.
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All of the following statements describe types of symbiosis EXCEPT: Sometimes both members in the relationship benefit. One member in the relationship can harm the other. If both members benefit, they can't live without each other. Sometimes only a single member in the relationship benefits. The relationship results in death for some members.
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typhoid fever
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Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis? salmonellosis rabies typhus typhoid fever anthrax
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pseudomembranous colitis.
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Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of botulism. tetanus. bed sores. pseudomembranous colitis. cholera.
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physician induced.
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Iatrogenic infections are vector transmitted. physician induced. contagious. sexually transmitted. opportunistic.
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tetanus
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Which of the following is not an airborne transmitted disease? measles tetanus histoplasmosis tuberculosis chickenpox
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during birth.
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Normal microbiota are first acquired during birth. at age eighteen. during the first month. by age five. after one year of age.
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cytotoxins.
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All of the following are antiphagocytic factors produced by pathogens EXCEPT: leukocidins. M protein. cytotoxins. capsules. All of these are antiphagocytic factors.
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a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease.
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Descriptive epidemiology would tabulate all of the following information about a disease EXCEPT: a comparison of patients with the disease to those without the disease. a mapping of the location of a disease. the time the cases of the disease occurred. the age of the patient. the course and chain of transmission of a disease.
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experimental epidemiology
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Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? retrospective epidemiology systemic epidemiology analytical epidemiology descriptive epidemiology experimental epidemiology
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incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence
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E. coli
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Which of the following is NOT considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? Candida E. coli Lactobacillus Bacteroides Trichomonas
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yellow fever
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Which of the following is not transmitted by direct contact mode? cutaneous anthrax gonorrhea ringworm yellow fever warts
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epidemic.
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A disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given area or population is considered sporadic. opportunistic. endemic. epidemic. pandemic.
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Both A and B are correct.
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Which of the following is a mechanical vector? housefly cockroach louse Both A and B are correct. Both A and C are correct.
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subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.
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Symptoms are laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease. characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. subjective characteristics of a disease that can only be felt by the patient.
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that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.
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Mutualism is a relationship where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other. that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other. where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. where only one member derives benefit from the other. where one member of the relationship may kill the other.
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being in a health care facility.
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A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired by using a contaminated needle. eating contaminated food. being bitten by an infected insect. being in a health care facility. having unprotected sexual intercourse.
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commensalism: organism 1 benefits organism 2 : _ benefits nor is _ example: _ on skin
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neither, harmed, staphylococcus
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[Normal Microbiota in Hosts] Resident microbiota: ~ Are a part of the _ throughout life ~ Are mostly _ (benefit but do not cause benefit or damage to their host) i.e. Staph _ on skin of human
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normal microbiota, commensal, epidermidis
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[RESIDENT MICROBIOTA] lower respiratory tract: the bacteria are mostly _, though some _ anaerobes are also _
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strict anaerobes, faculative anerobes, resident
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[Normal Microbiota in Hosts] Transient microbiota: ~ Remain in the body for _ ~ Found in the same regions as _ a.) Cannot _ in the body: ~ _ from other microorganisms ~ _ by the body's defense cells ~ Chemical or _ changes in the body
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short period, resident microbiota, persist, competition, elimination, physical
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[Normal Microbiota in Hosts] a.) Acquisition of normal microbiota: ~ Development in womb_ of microorganisms (_) ~ Microbiota begin to develop during _ ~ Much of one's _ microbiota established during the _ of life after birth
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free, axenic, birthing process, resident, first few months
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~ Pathogen; Any microorganism that causes disease a.) How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens: ~ Opportunistic pathogens _ microbiota that cause _ under certain_ b.) Conditions that provide opportunities for opportunistic organisms to become pathogenic: ~ Introduction of _ into _ site in body ~ Immune _ ~ Changes in the _
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normal, disease, circumstances, normal microbiota, unusual, suppression, normal microbiota
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[RESERVOIRS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF HUMANS] Animal Reservoirs: a.) Zoonoses ~ Diseases _spread from animal host to _ i.) Acquire zoonoses through _ routes: *_ with animal or its waste (i.e. Rabies) *_ animals (i.e.; Salmonellosis) *_ arthropods (Yellow fever, west Nile virus) Humans are usually _ to zoonotic pathogens
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naturally, humans, various, direct contact, eating, bloodsucking dead-end host
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[RESERVOIRS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF HUMANS] a.) Nonliving Reservoirs: ~ Soil, _, and food can be reservoirs of infection *Presence of microorganisms often due to contamination by _ or _ ~ Fomites; _ objects involved in the _ transmission of pathogens
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water, feces, urine, inanimate, indirect
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[THE MOVEMENT OF MICROBES INTO HOSTS: INFECTION] a.) Portals of Entry ~ _ through which _ enter the body b.) Four major pathways ~ Skin ~ Mucous membranes ~ Placenta ~ Parenteral route
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sites, pathogens, what are the four major pathways?
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[THE MOVEMENT OF MICROBES INTO HOSTS: INFECTION] a.) Portals of Entry : ~Mucous membranes Line the body _ that are _ to the _. Provide a moist, _ environment _ to pathogens ~ _ is the most common site of entry *Entry is through the nose, mouth, or eyes ~ _ tract may be route of entry *Must survive the _ pH of the stomach
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cavities, open, environment, warm, hospitable, respiratory, gastrointestinal, acidic
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[THE MOVEMENT OF MICROBES INTO HOSTS: INFECTION] Portals of Entry : a.) Placenta ~ Typically forms effective _ to pathogens ~ Pathogens may cross the _ and infect the fetus * Can cause _ , birth defects, premature birth i.e; Treponema pallidum the agent of syphilis
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barrier, placenta, spontaneous abortion
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[THE MOVEMENT OF MICROBES INTO HOSTS: INFECTION] Portals of Entry: a.) Parenteral route ~ Not a _ of entry ~ Means by which the portal of entry can be _ ~ Pathogens deposited _ into tissues _ the skin or _
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true portal, circumvented, directly, beneath, mucous membranes
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[THE NATURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE] a.) Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes 1.) Symptoms: _ of disease felt only by the _ (aches) 2.) Signs: _ manifestations of disease observed or measured by_ (fever) 3.)Syndrome:Symptoms and signs that characterize a _ or abnormal condition (AIDS; Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Asymptomatic, or subclinical: infections lack _ but may still have signs of _
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subjective characteristics, patient, objective, others, disease, symptoms, disease
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[THE NATURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE] a.) Causation of Disease: Etiology ~ Study of the _ of disease ~ Germ theory of _ * Disease caused by infections of _ ~ Robert Koch developed a set of postulates to prove a _ pathogen causes a particular disease
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cause, disease, pathogenic microorganisms, particular
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[THE NATURE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE] Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents; ~ Pathogen; Any microorganism that causes disease ~ Pathogenicity: Ability of a microorganism to _ ~Virulence *Degree of _ *Virulence factors contribute to virulence 1.)Adhesion factors ( Pili) 2.) Biofilms 3.)Extracellular enzymes 4.) Toxins 5.) Antiphagocytic factors (Capsule)
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cause disease, pathogenicity what are the virulence factors?
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[the stages of infectious disease] a.) incubation period: no signs or _ b.) prodromal period: vague, _ symptoms c.) illness: most _signs and symptoms d.) decline: _signs and symptoms e.) convalescence:_ signs or symptoms
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symptoms, general, severe, declining, no
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[MODES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION] ~ Transmission is from a _ or a _of exit to another host's _ of entry a.) Three groups of transmission 1.) Contact transmission Direct, _ (fomites), or droplet (_) 2.) Vehicle transmission Airborne, _, or foodborne (_-oral) 3.) Vector transmission Biological or _ Fomites; _ objects involved in the _ transmission of pathogens
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reservoir, portal, portal, indirect, aerosols, waterborne, fecal, mechanical, inanimate, indirect
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[EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES] Frequency of Disease: ~ Track _ of diseases using two measures 1.) Incidence: Number of _ of a disease in a _ area during a given _ of time 2.) Prevalence: Number of _ of a disease in a given _ during a given period of _ ~ Occurrence also evaluated in terms of _ and _
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occurrence, new cases, given area, period, total cases, period, time, frequency, geographic distribution
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[EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES] Epidemiological Studies: ~ Experimental epidemiology: Involves _ a _concerning the cause of a _. Application of _ postulates is experimental epidemiology
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testing, hypothesis, disease, koch
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[EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES] ~ Hospital Epidemiology: _ Infections a.) Types of nosocomial infections 1.) Exogenous Pathogen acquired from the _ 2.) Endogenous Pathogen arises from _ due to factors _ the health care setting 3.) Iatrogenic Results from modern _
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nosocomial, health care environment, normal microbiota, within, medical procedures
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[EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES] ~Hospital Epidemiology: Nosocomial Infections a.) Control of nosocomial infections: ~ Precautions designed to _ that result in disease ~ _ is the most effective way to reduce _ infections
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reduce factors, handwashing, nosocomial
