question

Brain cells that respond to actions performed by someone else by mimicking the action are called:

answer

mirror neurons

question

In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______ group.

answer

experimental

question

According to the ecological-systems perspective, the influence of David's family on his development is part of his

answer

microsystem

question

Identify an example of a cultural phenomenon

answer

American babies usually sleep in a room separate from their parents.

question

The concept of a cohort is important because individuals in the same cohort experience the same ______ circumstances

answer

historical

question

Han's parents immigrated to the United States from China. While they focused strongly on passing their cultural traditions down to their son, they were distressed to observe Han incorporating some American traditions into their Chinese heritage. It might be helpful for Han's parents to understand that Han:

answer

will experience his culture somewhat differently than his parents do because of having moved to the United States.

question

According to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:

answer

our unconscious motives and drives

question

If a researcher wanted to study the development of handwriting ability in children, she could measure the handwriting of a group of second-graders and continue to take handwriting samples from these same children each year until sixth grade. This is an example of:

answer

longitudinal research.

question

According to Erik Erikson, children in the industry vs. inferiority stage try to

answer

master new skills.

question

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development is called

answer

preoperational.

question

When we adjust our old ways of thinking in order to include new information, Piaget calls this process:

answer

accommodation.

question

In which of the following disorders is it possible to tell whether or not someone is a carrier?

answer

Tay-Sachs disease

question

Tay-Sachs disease

answer

from nine weeks after conception until birth

question

If a person inherits genes that predisposes him or her to alcoholism but is raised in Saudi Arabia, how is that person likely to behave in terms of alcohol consumption

answer

Since alcohol is a cultural taboo in Saudi Arabia, the person will not likely become alcoholic.

question

What is the most common X linked condition?

answer

color blindness

question

An organism's entire genetic inheritance is referred to as its:

answer

genotype.

question

Most traits are polygenic, meaning that they are: Answer

answer

produced by many genes

question

A reproductive cell (i.e., a sperm or ovum) is called a:

answer

gamete

question

In genetic terms, if you are a "carrier" it means you have:

answer

recessive genes in your genotype that are not expressed.

question

Genetic disorders that are dominant are:

answer

always expressed.

question

What is the natural sex ratio at conception?

answer

approximately 50/50

question

In a first birth, the average length of active labor is:

answer

about 12 hours.

question

Any birth that occurs 35 or fewer weeks after conception is considered to be:

answer

preterm

question

The process that is involved when a sensory system first detects an external stimulus is

answer

sensation.

question

Sam is able to grab objects but he sometimes closes his hand too early or too late. Sam is probably about:

answer

4 months old

question

The average newborn triples his weight by

answer

1 year.

question

According to Jean Piaget, the two elements of adaptation are:

answer

assimilation and accommodation

question

The principle of object permanence is demonstrated by an infant's:

answer

searching for a toy that has fallen from sight.

question

Newborns prefer

answer

speech over most other sounds

question

The reflex that allows newborns to grip so tightly is the

answer

Palmar grasping reflex.

question

According to Piaget, during the sensorimotor stage, infants' main task is to

answer

use senses and motor skills to understand the world.

question

By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B. F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to his:

answer

parents' talking to him frequently.

question

The area in the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses and is the last part of the brain to mature is the:

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

The sense that is the least developed at birth is:

answer

vision.

question

As infants acquire language, they say more ______ than any other parts of speech.

answer

nouns

question

The study of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand

answer

how and why people change and stay the same across the lifespan

question

An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:

answer

An ecological-systems approach to the study of human development was recommended by:

question

Within the ecological-systems approach, the customs of the society, as well as the economic and political philosophies of the nation, are all a part of the:

answer

macrosystem

question

A major contextual influence on development is:

answer

Social Class

question

You and your high school classmates are part of the same

answer

Cohort

question

According to Freud's theory, development in the first six years occurs in three

answer

psychosexual stages

question

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, resolutions to developmental crises depend on the interaction between the individual and:

answer

the social environment

question

Who helped initiate behaviorism by saying, "Let us limit ourselves to the things that can be observed . . ."?

answer

John B. Watson

question

In classical conditioning, an organism learns

answer

to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one

question

Identify an example of classical conditioning

answer

feeling happy at the smell of baking cookies

question

A dog learns to "shake paws" on command because it has been given dog biscuits for doing so. This is an example of:

answer

operant conditioning

question

After watching a new Jackie Chan movie, Rob tries some of the karate moves he saw in the film. Social learning theorists would say that ______ has occurred.

answer

modeling

question

A major pioneer in cognitive theory was

answer

Piaget

question

Molecules of DNA are referred to as:

answer

Chromosomes

question

Every normal human body cell contains how many chromosomes

answer

23 pairs

question

The sperm and the ovum are

answer

gametes

question

When two human reproductive cells combine at the moment of conception, the result is a:

answer

. zygote

question

A person's sex is determined by:

answer

the 23rd pair of chromosomes

question

An XX pattern in the 23rd pair of chromosomes indicates the fetus will:

answer

be female

question

An allele is:

answer

a normal vairation of a particular gene

question

Tony denied any involvement with Belinda but with a single drop of his blood, his paternity for her child was confirmed. How?

answer

. through his DNA

question

The period of the fetus lasts:

answer

the nine weeks after conception until birth

question

The placenta

answer

surrounds and protects the developing organism

question

Approximately what percentage of zygotes successfully become implanted

answer

40 percent

question

The head begins to take shape in the ______ week after conception

answer

fourth

question

With excellent medical care, a fetus can survive if it is born as early as:

answer

22 weeeks after conception

question

Teratology refers to:

answer

the study of birth defects

question

Maria used a prescription medicine for two weeks while she was pregnant. The potential damage:

answer

depends partly on when during her pregnancy she took the medicine

question

The average newborn doubles her birthweight in

answer

. four months

question

Children reach half their adult height by age:

answer

2 years

question

The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects body growth is known as:

answer

head-sparing

question

typical newborn will sleep

answer

17 hours or more a day.

question

Jake sleeps in his parent's bed and awakens often during the night. According to recent research, Jake:

answer

sleeps just as much as an infant who sleeps alone

question

Michael was subjected to much stress as an infant due to repeated episodes of family violence. As an adult, he is incapable of normal stress responses because stress hormones in his brain were:

answer

overproduced.

question

Trent is an infant who lacks many of the new toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. Given his situation, Trent's brain development will most likely:

answer

proceed normally due to the self-righting tendency

question

Jean Piaget was most interested in

answer

studying how children think

question

When we revamp our old ways of thinking because of new information, Piaget calls this

answer

accommodation.

question

An example of stage-three behavior is

answer

making noise, looking for a smile, and smiling back

question

During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to

answer

use senses and motor skills to understand the world

question

The theorist who believed that children learn language when they are reinforced by parental attention was:

answer

F. Skinner

question

The usual order of the development of spoken language is:

answer

reflexese, booing, babbling, spoken words

question

An apparent (but not actual) drop between one surface and another is called a(n):

answer

visual cliff

question

At 6 weeks, Jessica's most recent emotional reaction is likely to be

answer

a social smile

question

The emotion of pride usually appears at what age?

answer

1 1/2 years

question

When a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:

answer

separation anxiety

question

The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in

answer

Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt

question

Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are:

answer

compliant

question

Coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called

answer

synchrony

question

Secure attachment (type B) makes a toddler

answer

willing to explore

question

Josh is 15 months old. His parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable. Most likely, Josh's attachment type will be:

answer

secure

question

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:

answer

social referencing

question

The average 6-year-old from a developed nation weighs between

answer

40-50 pounds

question

The body mass index (BMI) is the lowest of the life span at age:

answer

13

question

Janie just cannot seem to keep from becoming extremely angry when she does not get her way. Her ability to reign in this tendency toward tantrums will get better when her ______ has further matured

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

Young children who engage in active play much of the day tend to exhibit:

answer

mastery of fine and gross motor skills

question

Piaget called cognitive development between the ages of two and six ______ intelligence

answer

preoperational

question

One of Vygotsky's most famous concepts was the zone of proximal development, which asserts that:

answer

children can master some tasks with the help of others

question

Erikson's stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years is called:

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

One difference between shame and guilt is that:

answer

guilt come from within the child

question

From birth to about 6 weeks, newborns signal their needs to caregivers through crying and body movements. According to your text, which stage of attachment is this?

answer

reattachment

question

The emotion of anger usually appears by the age of

answer

6 months.

question

When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to

answer

engage in physical play.

question

In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact normally with their infants' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the:

answer

still-face technique

question

Typically, stranger wariness is first noticeable at:

answer

9 months.

question

In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is:

answer

smiling at Mother when she returns to the room

question

In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of:

answer

learning whether the world can be trusted to meet basic needs.

question

In terms of Erikson's theory, a toddlers' failure to develop self-rule over his/her own actions is most closely identified with

answer

shame and doubt

question

A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called:

answer

social referencing.

question

Instructions are transmitted to the cell via pairs of four chemicals.

answer

True

question

Culture may be understood as a meaning and information system passed through generations that allows people to meet basic needs and derive meaning from life.

answer

True

question

Humanism has been criticized for having a "theory of evil."

answer

False

question

A research question becomes a hypothesis when it is restated as a prediction or idea that can be tested.

answer

True

question

Alcoholism is an example of a purely physical addiction.

answer

False

question

A researcher who watches college students during an exam and counts how many students bite their nails is conducting a scientific observation.

answer

True

question

Sensitive and critical periods are the same thing.

answer

False

question

A critical period of development is a time when a particular development must happen if it is ever going to happen.

answer

True

question

Sociocultural theory can best be understood in the context of a nurture approach.

answer

True

question

Theories are facts.

answer

False

question

Geneticists have yet to make significant progress on the map of the human genome.

answer

False

question

Stem cells are cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form.

answer

True

question

Selective Adaptation explains how humans have remained unchanged throughout the last 150 years.

answer

False

question

Birth defects decrease with IVF.

answer

False

question

According to Freud, the development of even young infants involves sexual pleasures.

answer

True

question

The technique for conditioning behavior called "reinforcement" usually results in a halting of the desired behavior.

answer

False

question

Within operant conditioning, what might appear to be a punishment could actually serve as a reward.

answer

True

question

The term cohort refers to individuals born in the same geographical region and within the same social class.

answer

False

question

According to Erikson, if a young adult is able to find love and companionship in a relationship with another person, he or she will resolve the sixth crisis of development by achieving intimacy. If he or she is not able to do this, he or she will resolve the sixth crisis by achieving a sense of inferiority.

answer

False

question

Gina wants a glass of milk but all of the glassware is in the sink waiting to be washed. She finds a clean empty fruit jar and pours milk into it. Gina solved her problem by using the process of accommodation.

answer

True

question

Researchers have little ethical responsibility for how media or politicians might interpret their research.

answer

False

question

Fraternal twins are more common than identical twins.

answer

True

question

Occasionally, genetic tests are conducted to determine whether a pair of twins are monozygotic or dizygotic because of their similarities.

answer

True

question

One reason that the discovery of mirror neurons is so valuable to our understanding of human behavior is because it indicates that merely observing incidents may be like experiencing them.

answer

True

question

Cognitive theories emphasize the...

answer

4 operational stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Emphasizes thinking and ideas. IOW: Thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs, values, assumptions, and actions.

question

Which occurs about 7 days after conception?

answer

The cell mass, now called a blastocyst, forms two distinct parts.

question

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson are best known for their contributions to what theory?

answer

Psychoanalytic Theory

question

The scientist who first demonstrated classical conditioning was.

answer

Ivan Povlov

question

Cohort refers to a group of people who.

answer

are defined by the shared age of its members. its members shared age.

question

According to sociocultural theory, the zone of proximal development refers to the skills that.

answer

the learner can understand with guidance; where interaction between the teacher and learner results in knowledge never before grasped or skills not already mastered.

question

The sum total of all the genes a person inherits is called the.

answer

Genotype

question

The period of the fetus lasts.

answer

from the beginning of the 9th week after conception until birth.

question

Which of the following is not considered a major contextual influence on development?

answer

Genetics is a major influence. Use deductive reasoning for the rest.

question

What begins about 14 days after conception?

answer

Embryonic Period Begins

question

About what percentage of zygotes successfully become implanted?

answer

40%

question

The chromosomal make up of a normal male is:

answer

YY: Female is: XY

question

The psychosocial stage in which people try to see their lives as a worthy and justifiable whole is?

answer

integrity vs. despair.

question

A major pioneer in Cognitive theory was:

answer

Piaget

question

The five characteristics that are evaluated in the Apgar are.

answer

the baby's color, heartbeat, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and respiratory effort.

question

Every normal human body cell contains how many chromosomes?

answer

23 pairs

question

The psycho-social stage that occurs at the same time as Freud's anal stage is:

answer

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

question

The sperm and the ovum are?

answer

Gametes

question

Which of the following is the best description of what the study of human development attempts to understand?

answer

how and why people change and stay the same across the lifespan

question

Phenotype refers to.

answer

observable physical properties of an organism

question

About a week after conception the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle or shell that will become the...

answer

The human blastocyst implant in the wall of the uterus

question

The longest period prenatal development is the...

answer

Embryonic Period

question

A re-enforcer is...

answer

the process by which a behavior is followed by something desired, such as food for a hungry animal or a welcoming smile for a lonely person.

question

Within hours after conception, the zygote travels toward the uterus down the...

answer

fallopian tube

question

Which psychoactive drug slows fetal growth the most?

answer

Tobacco d.) tobacco

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