question

Why is it important to balance free speech with ethical speech?

answer

It is important to balance free speech and ethical speech in order to gain the audience's trust and to be a credible speaker.

question

How have the courts come to view freedom of speech in the last 20 years?

answer

Free speech has gained protection when the Supreme Court declared, "virtually all attempts to restrain speech in advance...unconstitutional," regardless of how hateful or disgusting the speech may seem to some

question

false speech that harms someone

answer

Slander

question

Why are "to inform" or "to persuade" ethical goals, while "to coerce" or "to manipulate" are unethical?

answer

"To inform" and "to persuade" are respectful and do not make the audience feel uncomfortable. "to coerce" and "to manipulate" can be considered as demeaning, coercing, and manipulating

question

What requirements must be present for evidence and reasoning to be ethical?

answer

All information, including information that may be damaging to your case, must be presented in order for it be ethical.

question

sensitivity to differences but does not mean that speakers must abandon their own convictions for those of their audience members.

answer

Accommodation

question

What kinds of statements might be considered dishonest?

answer

Statements that are not backed up with credential information. If not backed up then say, "imagine that.." if that is added then it is considered ethical

question

stealing words and/or ideas ex: not crediting the source during a oral presentation or paper

answer

Plagiarism

question

What types of information, ideas, etc. should a speaker give credit for?

answer

Direct quotations, opinions, assertions, statistics, any non-original visual materials

question

A citation spoken orally during a speech ex: the publication date and author, type of resource, and its title

answer

Oral citation

question

the root word of ethic and ethical; term comes from the Greek rhetorician Aristotle

answer

Ethos

question

What are the main sources of supporting material?

answer

personal knowledge and experience, the Internet, online databases, traditional library holdings, and interviews

question

What are the six criteria for evaluating a website, and how might they be applied to various types of websites?

answer

accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timeliness, usability, and diversity

question

How does a database differ from the internet at large, or from search engines?

answer

the internet can be viewed by everyone but search engines are restricted to the patrons of the libraries that subscribe to them.

question

What are some of the traditional holdings available in the library?

answer

encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, almanacs, yearbooks, books of quotations, and biographical dictionaries

question

What are the steps in conducting research?

answer

develop preliminary research, locate resources, assess the usefulness of resources, take notes, identify possible presentation aids

question

What are the types of supporting material one might use in a speech? What makes each type effective?

answer

illustrations- attention getters, supporters your statements descriptions and explanations- avoid to much of each; descriptions must be brief and the explanations must use language that is as specific and concrete as possible definitions- use only when needed; understandable; consistent analogies- comparisons must be very similar; comparison is readily apparent statistics- reliable, authoritative, unbiased,sources; interpret accurately; understandable and memorable, round off numbers, and use visual aids to present statistics opinions- authority you cite is an expert; identify your sources; cite unbiased authorities; quote accurately; use literary quotations sparingly

question

What is the difference between a description and an explanation?

answer

A description provides the details that allow audience members to develop mental pictures of what a speaker is talking about. An explanation is a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists in its present form or existed in its past form

question

Definition by classification or operational definition?

answer

Definition by classification both places a term in the general class, group, or family to which it belongs and differentiates it from all the other members of that class. Operational definition explains how something works or what it does

question

What are the two types of analogies?

answer

literal analogies and figurative analogies

question

What are the guidelines for using statistics correctly in a speech?

answer

use reliable sources, use authoritative sources, use unbiased sources, interpret statistics accurately, make your statistics understandable and memorable

question

What are the two types of opinions?

answer

the testimony of an expert authority and the testimony of an ordinary person with firsthand or eyewitness experience

question

How do you determine which supporting material is best to use in your speech?

answer

magnitude, proximity, concreteness, variety, humor, and suitability

question

What pet peeves do teachers have about ineffective introductions and conclusions?

answer

beginning a speech with "ok" ah.., apologizing or making excuses at the beginning of the speech for not being prepared, beginning a speech with "hello, my speech is on..." saying "in conclusion," ending a speech with "thank you," ending a speech with "are there any questions?"

question

What are the main functions of an introduction?

answer

get the audience's attention, give the audience a reason to listen, introduce the subject, establish your credibility, and preview your main ideas

question

What are the different ways to introduce a speech?

answer

illustrations or anecdotes, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical events, references to recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, and references to preceding speeches

question

What factors make humor effective in an introduction?

answer

attention getter, help relax your audience, and win their goodwill for the rest of the speech

question

can prompt your listeners' mental participation in your introduction A question you ask without expecting an answer in return

answer

Rhetorical question

question

What are the purposes of conclusions?

answer

to summarize the speech and provide closure

question

How might a speaker provide closure to the speech?

answer

use verbal or nonverbal cues to signal the end of the speech and motivate the audience to respond

question

What specific strategies are effective in conclusions?

answer

illustrations, quotations, personal references, or any of the other methods of introduction

question

What are the differences between oral and written language styles?

answer

oral style is more personal, less formal, and more repetitive than written style

question

Why are each of these differences important to a speech?

answer

They are important to a speech in order to make the speech sound less memorized but instead fluid

question

How can a speaker use words effectively for their audience (pp. 219-221)?

answer

use specific, concrete words, simple words, use words correctly, and concisely

question

What's the difference between connotation and denotation, and why might this matter in a speech?

answer

connotation of a word is not usually found in the dictionary. denotation of a word is its literal meaning, the definition you find in a dictionary

question

How does a speaker adapt their language style to their listeners?

answer

make sure your language is understandable, appropriate, and unbiased the speaker should use Standard American English

question

What are ethnic vernacular, regionalism, and jargon?

answer

ethnic vernacular- "spanglish" an informal combination of English and Spanish regionalism- words or phrases specific to one part of the country but rarely used in quite the same way in other places jargon- the specialized language of your profession or hobby

question

What is considered unbiased language?

answer

Unbiased language is gender neutral

question

How can a speaker create memorable word structures?

answer

they create arresting images, drama, figurative images, and cadences

question

deviates from the ordinary, expected meanings of words, to make a description or comparison unique, vivid, and memorable

answer

figure of speech

question

How can a speaker create drama in a speech?

answer

short sentences, omission, inversion, and suspension

question

rhythm, can be used in a speech by using stylistic devices as repetition, parallelism, antithesis, and alliteration

answer

cadence

question

refers to using identical grammatical patterns

answer

parallelism

question

has two parts with parallel structures but contrasting meanings

answer

antithesis

question

the repetition of a consonant sound several times in a phrase, clause, or sentence

answer

alliteration

question

What tips does the book suggest for using these word structures effectively?

answer

use distinctive stylistic devices sparingly, use stylistic devices at strategic points in your speech, use stylistic devices to ecoonomize

question

Why is effective delivery important (pp. 236-238)?

answer

It is important because an audience believes what it sees more than than what you say

question

What is nonverbal communication, and what does that mean in the context of a speech?

answer

nonverbal communication is communication other than through written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone

question

What is nonverbal expectancy theory?

answer

People have certain expectations as to how you should communicate

question

rarely done well enough to be interesting; provides insurance against forgetting the speech

answer

manuscript speaking

question

sound stiff, stilted, and over rehearsed; advantage of allowing you to have maximum eye contact

answer

memorized speaking

question

"thinking on your feet" or "speaking off the cuff" advantage is that you can speak informally, maintaining direct eye contact with the audience

answer

impromptu speaking

question

speak from a written or memorized general outline, but you do not have the exact wording in front of you or in memory advantage is the style is conversational

answer

extemporaneous speaking

question

What should an impromptu speaker do in order to be effective?

answer

consider your audience, be brief, organize, speak honestly, but with reserve from personal experience and knowledge, and be cautious

question

What are the stages of developing an extemporaneous speech?

answer

early rehearsal, later rehearsal, and final rehearsal

question

What type of speaking is expected in COM 115?

answer

extemporaneous speaking

question

What are the main characteristics of effective delivery?

answer

eye contact, use appropriate gestures, move meaningfully, maintain an appropriate posture, use facial expressions to communicate emotion, use your voice both to be understood and to maintain interest, and ensure that your personal appearance is appropriate

question

the process of producing speech sounds clearly and distinctly

answer

articulation

question

a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or geographic region such as the South, New England, or the upper Midwest

answer

dialect

question

concerns the degree to which sounds conform to those assigned to words in standard English

answer

pronunciation

question

is how high or low your voice sounds

answer

pitch

question

how fast you talk

answer

rate

question

also known as effective timing

answer

pauses

question

How should a speaker adapt their delivery to different kinds of audiences?

answer

avoid an ethnocentric mind-set, consider using a less dramatic style for predominantly high-context listeners, consult with other speakers who have presented to your audience, monitor your level of immediacy with your audience, monitor the intensity of your expression of emotion and know the code

question

What are some tips the books suggests for rehearsing a speech?

answer

finish drafting your speech outline at least two days before your speech performance, before you prepare the speaking notes you will use in front of your audience. rehearse your speech aloud, time your speech, prepare your speaking notes, rehearse your speech standing up, present your speech to someone else so you can practice eye contact, make a video, rehearse using all presentation aids, finals rehearsals should re-create the speaking situation you will face, and practice good delivery skills

question

How does a speaker respond to questions?

answer

prepare, repeat or rephrase the question, stay on message, respond to the entire audience, ask yourself the question first, listen nonjudgmental, neutralize hostile questions, when you don't know admit it, be brief, use organizational signposts, and indicate when the Q ; A period is concluding

question

In what circumstances might a speaker want to reinforce rather than change beliefs, values, or attitudes? Which of these are most stable? Which are easiest to change? What is the relationship between these three and behavior?

answer

A speaker would want to reinforce instead of change if the audience had the same views that the speaker was talking about. values are the hardest to change attitude is the easiest to change

question

Aristotle believed that in order to be credible, a public speaker should be ethical, possess good character, have common sense, and be concerned for the well-being of the audience

answer

ethos

question

an emotional appeal

answer

pathos

question

"the word" Aristotle used this term to refer to the rational, logical arguments that a speaker uses to persuade someone

answer

logos

question

this theory is a simple idea that offers an explanation of how people are persuaded to do something or think about something

answer

ELM elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.

question

what are the direct and indirect routes of persuasion?

answer

Direct route of persuasion- when you elaborate, using logos Indirect route of persuasion- when you do not elaborate, you simply develop an overall impression of what the speaker says and how the speaker says it

question

How can cognitive dissonance motivate listeners?

answer

according to the theory, when you are presented with information inconsistent with your current attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior, you become aware that you have a problem, you experience a kind of discomfort

question

What are some other ways to motivate listeners?

answer

use cognitive dissonance, listeners' needs, positive motivation, negative motivation

question

How do listeners cope with dissonance?

answer

listeners may discredit the source, may reinterpret the message, may seek new information, may stop listening, and may change their attitudes, beliefs, values, or behavior

question

What are Maslow's levels of motivational needs?

answer

physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

question

How can a speaker motive positively? Negatively?

answer

positive- emphasize positive values, emphasize benefits, not just features negative- strong threat to a loved one, more competent, trustworthy, or respected the speaker the greater the likelihood that an appeal to fear will be successful

question

What are the steps in developing a persuasive speech?

answer

consider the audience, select and narrow your persuasive topic, determine your persuasive purpose, develop your central idea and main ideas, gather supporting material, organize your persuasive speech, and rehearse and deliver your speech

question

suggests that when listeners are confronted with a persuasive message, their responses fall into one of three categories 1. a latitude of acceptance, in which they generally agree with the speaker 2. a latitude of rejection, in which they disagree with the speaker 3. a latitude of non commitment, in which they are not yet committed either to agree or to disagree- they are not sure how to respond

answer

social judgement theory

question

focuses on whether something is true or false or on whether it did or did not happen

answer

proposition of fact

question

a statement that calls for the listener to judge the worth or importance of something

answer

proposition of value

question

advocates a specific action- changing a policy, procedure, or behavior

answer

proposition of policy

question

the audience's perception of a speaker's competence, trustworthiness, and dynamism

answer

credibility

question

What are the elements of credibility, and what phases does a speaker's credibility go through?

answer

competence, trustworthiness, dynamism phases- initial, derived, terminal

question

reasoning that arrives at a general conclusion from specific instances or exampless

answer

inductive reasoning

question

reasoning from a general statement or principle to reach a specific conclusion

answer

deductive reasoning

question

How can you test the validity of inductive reasoning?

answer

are there enough specific instances to support the conclusion? are the specific instances typical? are the instances recent?

question

What is reasoning by analogy?

answer

a special type of inductive reasoning, compares one thing, person, or process with another to predict how something will perform and respond

question

What is a syllogism, and what are its parts?

answer

is a way of organizing an argument into three elements: a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

question

What is causal reasoning?

answer

when you reason by cause, you relate two or more events in such a way as to conclude that one or more of the events caused the others

question

What are specific ways in which a speaker can adapt to a culturally diverse audience? What kinds of evidence might a speaker use?

answer

establish a personal relationship before debating issues, use a deductive pattern of reasoning rather than an inductive pattern Evidence a speaker could use are facts, examples, opinions, and statistics

question

What are the criteria we can use to judge whether evidence is effective (could you apply those criteria if asked)?

answer

use credible evidence, use new evidence, use specific evidence, use evidence to tell a story, and use evidence appropriate to a diverse audience

question

What is a fallacy, and what are the common fallacies addressed in the book (could you recognize them)?

answer

a false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate

question

What is the role of emotion in persuasion, and what specific strategies can a speaker use to employ emotion in persuasion?

answer

in order to persuade you must make the listener use their hearts use concrete examples that help your listeners visualize what you describe, use emotion-arousing words, use nonverbal behavior to communicate your emotional response, use visual images to evoke emotions, use appropriate metaphors and similes, use appropriate fear appeals, consider using appeals to several emotions, and tap audience members' beliefs in shared myths

question

"it does not follow"

answer

non sequitur

question

What are some of the ethical concerns that might arise in the use of emotion?

answer

making false claims, misusing evidence to arouse emotions, or relying only on emotions without offering evidence to support a conclusion violates ethical standards of effective public speaking

question

What are appropriate strategies for receptive, neutral, and unreceptive audiences?

answer

receptive- identify your audience, clearly state your speaking objective, tell your audience exactly what you want them to do, ask listeners for an immediate show of support, use emotional appeals effectively, and make it easy for your listeners to act neutral- capture your listeners' attention early in your speech, refer to beliefs that many listeners share, relate your topic not only to your listeners but also to their families, friends, and loved ones, be realistic about what you can accomplish unreceptive- don't announce immediately that you plan to change their minds, begin your speech by noting areas of agreement before you discuss areas of disagreement, don't expect a major shift in attitude from a hostile audience, acknowledge the opposing points of view that members of your audience may hold, establish your credibility, consider making understanding rather than advocacy your goal

question

What are the main strategies for organizing persuasive speeches?

answer

problem-solution refutation cause and effect motivated sequence

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