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Hours of TV viewing

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4 hours of television per day

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Communication model

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Sender, message, channel, receiver

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Synergy

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the combination of two media outlets is stronger than the outlets standing alone

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Short head

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the portion of a distribution curve where a large number of people are interested in buying a limited number of products

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Long tail

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the portion of a distribution curve where a limited number of people are interested in buying a lot of different products

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Cognitive effects

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most common and observable, short-term learning of information

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Attitudinal effects

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feelings about a product, individual, or idea on the basis of media content

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Behavioral effects

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clipping a coupon, buying a product, or voting for a candidate

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Psychological effects

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media content can inspire feelings of fear, joy, happiness, or amusement

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Media Effects

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Marshall McLuhan: "The medium is the message"

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Ownership Effects

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Concern over owner's control of ideas

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Active Audience Effects

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Important to know who the audience is comprised of: Geographics, Demographics, Psychographics

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Geographics

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where people live

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Demographics

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gender race, ethnic background, income education, age, educational attainment, etc.

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Psychographics

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a combination of demographics, lifestyle characteristics, and product usage

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Agenda Setting Theory

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Issues portrayed as important in the media become important to the public.

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Donald Shaw and Maxwell McCombs

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1. Studied voters in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1968 2. Strong relationship between issues the press considered important and issues that voters considered important

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Uses and gratifications Theory

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a. The audience was found to be active and not passive in selecting media content for personal uses and gratifications. b. Choices are made on the basis of individual needs, interests, values based on all aspects of socialization.

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Social Learning Theory

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Albert Bandura: We are able to learn by observing what others do and the consequences they face.

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Spiral of Silence

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Why people become unwilling to express what they perceive to be a minority opinion

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Printing invented and by whom

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The Chinese in 150 B.C.

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National magazines, Saturday Evening Post

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i. was first published on August 4, 1821 ii. contained essays, poetry, obituaries, stories, and a column called "The Ladies' Friend"

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Matthew Brady

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a. Father of photojournalism: b. Remembered for his pictures of the Civil War

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Colonial newspapers

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a. Were licensed by British government. b. "Published by Authority" was printed at the top of each edition. c. Zenger Case

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The Zenger Case

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Zengers in trouble for publishing story about governor, 1733 a. Involved colonial newspaper publishers John Peter Zenger and Anna Catherine Zenger

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Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestic

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First newspaper in the American colonies (1690)

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Guglielmo Marconi

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Developed the wireless telegraph

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FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

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Regulate what can and can't be seen on television.

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The Great Train Robbery

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1903, Multiple scenes and a plot

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The Jazz Singer

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1927, silent film with two talking segments

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Lumiere Brothers

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Auguste-Marie and Louis-Jean Lumiere: i. French filmmakers who were brothers ii. invented Cinematographe

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Cinematographe

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a portable movie camera that could also be used as a projector

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Philo T. Farnsworth

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Developed the central concepts of television at age fourteen

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Vladimir Zworykin

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Working to develop television for RCA

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Nielsen Media Research, Arbitron

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The company that does the ratings

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The Man Who Invented Cyberspace

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William Gibson

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Uniform resource locator (URL)

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The address of content placed on the Web

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Hypertext transfer protocol (http)

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A method for sending text, graphics, or anything else over the Internet from a server to a Web browser

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Hypertext markup language (HTML)

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The programming language used to create Web pages

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Libel

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Any published statement that unjustifiably exposes someone to ridicule or contempt

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Truth is the absolute defense against.

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libel

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Invasion of Privacy

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i. There is no explicit protection of privacy in the Constitution. ii. The right to privacy is derived from 1. "Freedom to associate" clause of the First Amendment a. Protects individual right to possess any type of literature in the privacy of his or her own home

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Prior restraint

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A judicial order that stops a media organization from publishing a story or image. The pentagon papers was the most famous.

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Obscenity Law

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describes sexually explicit material that is legally prohibited from being published

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The First Amendment: "Congress Shall Make No Law:"

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i. Protects all forms of expression, including offensive ideas ii. Free speech is the most basic guaranteed right

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Controlling content on the Web:

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i. Open forum where anyone can publish anything ii. Great deal of inappropriate material for kids 1. Filtering software iii. Original Net built to prevents blocks and barriers

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Media Controls

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i. Owners ii. Advertisers iii. Government iv. Special Interest Groups v. News Sources vi. Audiences

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Resonance model

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The candidate's success depends in part on how well his or her basic message resonates with voters' preexisting political feelings

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Competitive model

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i. Campaigns seen as a competition for the hearts and minds of voters: 1. A candidate's response to an attack critical as the attack itself

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Benjamin Franklin's lending library:

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i. Took over when his brother went to jail, and he was a book publisher. ii. The Pennsylvania Gazette

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Ideograph

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An abstract symbol that stands for an object or an idea

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Pictograph

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Earliest form of writing, which consisted of pictures of objects painted on rock walls.

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Phonography

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A system of writing in which symbols stand for spoken sounds rather than for objects or ideas

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Alphabets

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Letters representing individual sounds; were developed between 1700 B.C. and 1500 B.C.

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The Seven Sisters

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a. Service magazines i. Primarily contain articles advising how to do things in a better way b. Good Housekeeping, McCall's, Redbook, Ladies' Home Journal, Woman's Day, Better Homes and Gardens, and Family Circle

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AARP The Magazine

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The largest circulation magazine in the U.S

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David Sarnoff:

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i. American Marconi employee 1. Typed up all the names of the survivors of Titanic

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Edward R. Murrow

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1939 reporting during the German bombing of London

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D.W.Griffith

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a. The Birth of a Nation (1915) i. Controversial film about the birth of the Ku Klux Klan and the Civil war.

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Factors for movie profitability

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Profits based on costs of production and promotion

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Univision

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Spanish-language broadcast network: i. Fifth largest broadcast network

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Network TV affiliates

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a. Network makes money from national advertising: i. Local station that carries network programs

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Percentage of worldwide internet saturation

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16 % of the world has internet

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Percentage of USA internet saturation

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73% of Americans have internet

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The Equal Time Provision

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a. Requires equal amounts of broadcast time to all candidates running for public office b. Does not require providing air time, simply equal time

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Cognitive dimension

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i. Ability to access, use medium ii. Ability to process information contained in messages

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Emotional Dimension

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i. Feelings/reactions to messages ii. Can go over the threshold of tolerance

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Aesthetic Dimension

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i. Understanding media creation processes ii. Critiquing quality of messages

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Moral Dimension

answer

What attitudes, values, beliefs are being transmitted?

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Intrapersonal

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One person (self talk)

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Interpersonal

answer

Two

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Small group

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Three or more

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Public Speaking

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One to many

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Mass

answer

One to many

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Mediated

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One to one/group (getting a text message from Nicole)

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Ownership of media

answer

6 Media conglomerates (Disney, TWC, Bertlesmann, NewsCorp, Viacom/CBS, Comcast)

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Rotary press

answer

The steam-powered rotary press, invented in 1814, could print as many as 16,000 sections per day.

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Misappropriation

answer

Using a person's name or image for commercial purposes without permission

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Intrusion

answer

Invasion of privacy by physical trespass

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False light

answer

Publishing untrue statements that alter an individual's public image in a way that he or she cannot control

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