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Role of Counselor

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educational, using expertise to help clients learn to manage thoughts, feelings, emotions

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Source of Psychopathology

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dysfunctional schemas (dysfunctional thinking/beliefs)

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Goal of Therapy

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learning to manage distressing symptoms (NOT personality change)

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_______________ approaches use classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory and focus on analyzing and intervening on observable and measurable behaviors.

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Behavioral

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_______________ approaches are based on the premise that psychological disorders result from dysfunctional thinking and beliefs and that improvement comes from modifying thought patterns and beliefs.

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Cognitive

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True or false: A cognitive behavioral therapist uses functional analysis to assess what the client is doing and thinking before, during, and after the symptom in order to identify cause and effect patterns.

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True.

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________________ is the hallmark intervention of cognitive-behavioral counseling and aims to teach clients psychological principles and how to use them to handle problems.

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Psychoeducation

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Working with clients to accept difficult thoughts and emotions in order to transform them is use by _______________.

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Mindfulness-based approaches

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Ann is seeing a CB counselor who asks her to log the frequency, duration, and severity of anxiety. The counselor is assessing Ann's _________________.

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Baseline functioning

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Behavioralists are the the _____________________ is responsible for choosing thoughts and beliefs that result in healthy behaviors and positive emotions.

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Individual

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Which of the following best describes the role of the cognitive-behavioral counselor? A. The counselor is objective witness to change and cheerleader to steer the change in positive directions. B. The counselor is partner, walking the journey with the client and providing encouragement. C. The counselor has a minimized role in which the counselor intervenes little in order to encourage autonomy on the part of the client. D. The counselor's role is educational, using expertise to help clients learn how to manage thoughts, feelings, and emotions more effectively.

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D. The counselor's role is educational, using expertise to help clients learn how to manage thoughts, feelings, and emotions more effectively.

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Like Beck, Ellis assessed for faulty cognitions, called _______________, which were typically flagged by words such as would, should, ought, must.

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Irrational beliefs

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Mark, a CB counselor, remains neutral and uses open-ended questions to help his client discover the illogical nature of her beliefs and to use her own logic to convince her of needed change. This intervention is called _______________________.

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Socratic method, or guided discovery

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Socratic Method (aka Guided Discovery, aka Inductive Reasoning)

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Using open-ended questions that help the client "discover" for themselves that their beliefs are either illogical (i.e. contrary to obvious evidence) or dysfunctional (i.e. not working for them).

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Automatic Thoughts

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"Knee-jerk" reactions to distressing situations that run through a person's mind, and that the person can generally identify. Example: "If Jay Jay doesn't return my call in 24 hours, she does not really like me."

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Intermediate Beliefs

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Extreme or absolute rules that are more general and shape automatic thoughts, such as "Good friends always return calls quickly."

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Core Beliefs

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Global and absolute, about "ourselves," such as "I am worthless." Two general underlying principles that underlie most core beliefs: a. autonomy (beliefs about being effective and productive versus helpless) b. sociotropic (beliefs about being lovable or unloveable)

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Schemas

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Deepest level of cognitive structure; Cognitive frameworks in the mind, organizing and shaping thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

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ABC Model

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A = Activating event → B = Belief about A → C = Emotional & Behavioral consequences Negative Example: A = Jordan cancels on Jack for Steamy Bromance Monday B = Jack thinks: "Our bromance means nothing to Jordan. He doesn't want to spend time with me." C = Jack ignores Jordan the next time he sees him. Positive Example: A = Jordan cancels on Jack for Steamy Bromance Monday B = Jack thinks: "Jordan must be going on a date with Holly. Nice!" C = Jack high fives Jordan next time he sees him.

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Use of Empathy in CBT

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CB counselors use empathy for entirely different reasons than humanistic counselors.: Use empathy to create rapport, which allows them to get to the "real" interventions that change a client's' behaviors/thoughts/emotions Not manipulative, idea is to make client more comfortable with the process (not trick) Not integrating experiential concepts They are adapting it to work within their philosophical assumptions about counseling/change process

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Baseline Functioning/Assessment

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Provides starting point for measuring change Looks at frequency, duration, and severity of specific behavioral symptoms

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Positive Reinforcement

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Rewards desired behaviors by giving something desirable

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Negative Reinforcement

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Rewards desired behaviors by removing something undesirable

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Positive Punishment

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Reduces undesirable behavior by adding something undesirable

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Negative Punishment

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Reduces undesirable behavior by removing something desirable

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Mindfulness

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comes from religious, spiritual traditions (found in virtually all cultures/religious traditions); entered mental health as a nonreligious "stress reduction" technique

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Overview of Counseling Process

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Step 1: Assessment (of baseline functioning) Step 2: Target (specific) behaviors/thoughts for change Step 3: Educate (irrational thoughts and dysfunctional patterns) Step 4: Replace and retrain (replace dysfunctional behaviors and thoughts)

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D-E-F

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D = Disputing belief → E = Effect → F = New feeling

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Classical Conditioning

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Natural State of Affairs (Original Research) Dog Food → Salivation (Treating Arachnophobia) Deep Breathing → Relaxation Response Process of Pairing Conditional Stimulus with Response Dog Food + Bell → Salivation Deep Breathing + Spider → Relaxation Resulting Pairing Bell → Salivation Spider → Relaxation

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