CMN 105 chapter 5-8 – Flashcards
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linguistic relativism
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that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak
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convergence
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communication researchers call the process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to indentify
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divergence
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communicators who want to set themselves apart from others adopt the strategy of speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences
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powerless speech mannerisms
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a number of studies have shown that speakers whose talk is free of these mannerisms are rated as more competent, dynamic, and attractive than speakers who sound powerless
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Sexist language
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includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex
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racist language
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reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior
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Ambiguous language
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consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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High-Level abstractions
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convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas, or events
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euphemisms
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innocuous terms substituted for blunt ones. A euphemism avoids a direct, literal reference to an event
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relative language
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meaning by comparison. For example, do you attend a large or a small school?
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static evaluation
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usually mistaken assumption that people or things are consistent and unchanging
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assertiveness
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clearly expressing their thoughts, feelings, and wants
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inferential statements
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conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
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evaluative language
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to describe something but really announces the speaker's attitude toward it
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Public - 12' + Social - 4'-12' Private - 18"-4' Intimate - 18"-skin
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Four different zone of proxemics
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non-verbal communication
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messages expressed by nonlinguistic means
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emblems
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culturally understood substitutes for verbal expressions
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regulators
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cues that help control verbal interaction
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kinetics
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the study of how people communicate through bodily movements
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haptics
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the study of touching
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paralanguage
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the way a message is spoken. tone/pitch/volume/emphasis
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proxemics
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study of how communication is affected by the use, organization, and perception of space and distance. Bubble of space
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chronemics
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study of how humans use and structure time
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listening
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the process of receiving and responding to others' messages
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mindless listening
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when we react to others' messages automatically and routinely without much mental investment
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mindful listening
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involves giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to messages e receive
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listening fidelity
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the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate
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pseudolistening
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the imitation of really listening, appearance of being attentive
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selective listening
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when people respond to the parts of a speakers remarks that interest them
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stage hogging
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people interested only in expressing their ideas and don't care about what anyone else has to say
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filling in the gaps
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people think that what they remember makes a whole story
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insulated listening
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listeners avoid what they don't want to hear
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defensive listening
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taking innocent comments as personal attacks
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ambushing
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listening carefully to collect information to use against you
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silently listening
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staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback
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paraphrasing
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feedback that restates, in your own words, the message you thought the speaker sent
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empathizing
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taking someone else's information into account/response to show that you identify with a speaker
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identity management
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steps we take to manage/maintain faces that we have
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debilitative emotions
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prevent persons from functioning effectively
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facilatative emotions
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emotions that contribute to effective emotions
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gender conversational style
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men through competition/women through the same
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emotional contingion
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the process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another
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emotional labor
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situations in which managing and even suppressing emotions is both appropriate and necessary
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fallacy of perfection
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belief that you should be able to handle any situation with confidence and skill
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Fallacy of approval
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go to incredible lengths to seek acceptance from others, even to the extent of sacrificing their own principles
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fallacy of should
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the inability to distinguish what is and what should be
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fallacy of overgeneralization
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when a person bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence
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fallacy of causation
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believe they should do nothing that can hurt or in any way inconvenience others and cause undesirable feelings
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fallacy of helplessness
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suggests that forces beyond our control determine satisfaction in life
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fallacy of catastrophic expections
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position similar to Murphy's law
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emotive
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indicates a speaker's attitude towards something/using words
