Clinical psych – Flashcards
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Feminist:
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how environmental conditions contributes to gender-role socialization and gender inequity, especially for women
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Post-modern:
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there is no single truth; we produce our own lives
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Family systems
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the individual can only be understood within context of the his/her family
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Key concepts of Feminist Therapy
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o Problem are viewed in a sociopolitical and cultural context o Acknowledging psychological oppression impose through sociopolitical status of women and minorities o The client knows what is best for her life and is the expert on her own life o Emphasis ways of assessing psychological health and challenged o It is assumed that individual change will best occur though social change o Clients are encouraged to take social action
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Principles of Feminist Therapy
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o The personal is political o Personal and social identities are interdependent o Commitment to social change o The counseling relationship is egalitarian o Women's and girls' experiences and ways of knowing are honored o Definitions of distress and "mental illness" are reformulated o There is an integrated analysis of oppression
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Goals of Feminist Therapy
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o To affirm diversity and strive for social change and equality o To encourage clients to act as advocates on their own behalf an don the behalf of others o To become aware of one's gender-role socialization process o To identify internalized gender-role messages and replace them with functional beliefs o To acquire skills to bring about change in the environment o To develop a wide range of behaviors that are freely chosen o To become personally empowered
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Feminist Counseling
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o Techniques & strategies include: o Empowerment o Self-disclosure o Gender role analysis o Gender role intervention o Power analysis o Bibliotherapy o Assertiveness training o Reframing and relabeling o Social action o Groups work
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o Gender role analysis and intervention
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o To help clients understand the impact of gender role expectations in their lives o Provides clients with insight into the ways social issues affect their problems
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o Power analysis and power intervention
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o Emphasis on the power differences between men and women in society o Clients helped to recognize different kinds of power they possess and how they an other exercise power
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o Bibliotherapy
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o Reading assignments that address issues such as • Coping skills →gender inequality • Gender role stereotypes→ways sexism is promoted • Power differential between women and men→society's obsession with thinness • Sexual assault o Self -disclosure • To help equalize the therapeutic relationship and provide modeling for the client • Values, beliefs about society, and therapeutic interventions discussed • Allows the client to make an informed choice
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o Assertiveness training
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• Women become aware of their interpersonal rights • Transcends stereotypical sex roles • Change negative beliefs • Implement changes in their daily lives
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Reframing
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• Changes the frame of reference for looking at an individual's behavior • Shifting form an intrapersonal to an inter personal definition of a client's problem
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Relabeling
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• Changes to label or evaluation applied to the client's behavioral characteristics • Generally, the focus is shifted from a negative to a positive evaluation
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social action
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• Encourages clients to embrace social activism • Develops clients' thorough understanding of feminism by building a link between their experiences and the sociopolitical context they live in
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Application of Feminist Therapy to Group work
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o Group provides an outlet for social support an political action o Forms a diverse community where members share the goal of supporting women's experiences o Group setting decreases feelings of isolation and loneliness o Self-disclosure is emphasized for both the leader and members as a means of self-exploration o Provides a setting where clients learn to use power appropriately by providing support foe each other and taking social political actions
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Diversity in Feminist Approaches
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o Postmodern feminists provide a model for critiquing both traditional and feminist approaches o Women of color feminists assert that it is essential that feminist theory be broadened and be made more inclusive o Lesbian feminists call for inclusion of an analysis of multiple identities and their relationship to oppression o Global/international feminists take a worldwide perspective in examining women's experiences across national boundaries
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Limitations of Feminist Psychotherapy
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o Therapists do not take a value neutral stance o Therapists must be careful no to impose their cultural values on a client o Therapists may challenge societal values that subordinate certain groups without first gaining a clear understanding of the client's culture. This may alienate clients o The heavy environmental/Sociopolitical focus may detract from exploring a client's intrapsychic experiences o More empirical support is needed for this approach
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Postmodern counseling
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o Postmodernisms is an intellectual movement that has emerged in popularity since the 1960's. its essential idea involves the denial of any objective and absolute truth. Rather, ideas are viewed as being social constructions. o One of the earliest statements that suggests a postmodernist view is fro Friederich Nietzsche, who said, "all knowledge is perspective" this means that any fact or belief is embedded within a frame of reference o At its best (in a more moderate stance) postmodernism is a more systematic way to practice intellectual humility, to bring attention to the limits of certain kinds of thinking, and thereby counter certain absolutist claims of extremists and dogmatists in all fields.
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Constructivist Narrative Perspective (CNP)
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o Focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others about significant events in their lives o Therapeutic task: o Help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their own stories
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Social Constructionism Therapy Goals
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o The client, not the therapist, is the expert o Dialogue is used to elicit perspective, resources, and unique their diverse positions o The therapist supplies optimism and the process o Generate new meaning in the lives of clients o Co-develop, with clients, solutions that are unique to the situation o Enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on the individual o Help people develop alternative ways of being, acting, knowing
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Key concepts of social constructionism
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o Postmodernists assume there are multiple truths o Reality is subjective and is based on the use of language o Postmodernists strive for a collaborative and consultative stance o Postmodern thought has an impact on the development of many theories
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Key concepts of solution-Focused Brief Therapy
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o Therapy grounded on a positive orientation- people are healthy and competent o Past is downplayed, while present and future are highlighted o Therapy is concerned with looking for what is working o Therapists assists clients in finding exceptions to their problems o There is a shift form "problem orientation" to solution focus" o Emphasis is on construction solutions rather than problem solving
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Basic Assumptions of Solution Focused Therapy
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o The problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions o People can create their own solutions o Small changes lead to large changes o The client is the expert on his or her own life o The best therapy involves a collaborative partnership o A therapist's not knowing afford the client an opportunity to construct a solution
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Questions in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
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o Skillful questions allow people to utilize their resources o Asking "how questions" that imply change can be useful o Effective questions focus attention on solutions o Questions can get clients to notice when things were better o Useful questions assist people in paying attention to what they are doing o Questions can open up possibilities for clients to do something different
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Three kinds of relationships in solution focused therapy
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o Customer-type relationship: client and therapist jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward o Complainant relationship: a client who describes a problem, but is not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution o Visitors: clients who come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem
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Techniques Used in Solution Focused Brief Therapy
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o Pre therapy change o (What have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference in you problem?) o Exception questions o (Direct clients to time in their lives when the problem did not exist) o Miracle questions o (If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were asleep, what would be different in your life?) o Scaling questions o (On a scale of zero to 10, where zero is the worst you have been and 10 represents the problem being solved, where are you with respect to ______?)
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Application of SFBT to Group Counseling
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o Group is focused on solutions and the members ability to find solutions in their own lives o Leader shifts focus from the problem by providing members the opportunity to view themselves as resourceful and competent o Group members provided a supportive audience to observe one another being confident and competent o Group members can offer input an point out exceptions to problematic situations is each others' lives o Questioning is used to facilitate client's establishing goals early in the group process o Goals for therapy are small realistic and achievable
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Key Concepts of Narrative Therapy
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o Listen to clients with an open mind o Encourage clients to share their stories o Listen to a problem-saturated story of a client without getting stuck o Therapists demonstrate respectful curiosity and persistence o The person is not the problem, but problem is the problem
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The Therapeutic Process in Narrative Therapy
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o Collaborate with the client in identifying (naming) the problem o Separate the person from his or her problem o Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating the person o Search for exceptions to the problem o Ask clients to speculate about what kind of future they could expect from the competent person that is emerging o Create an audience to support the new story
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The functions of Narrative Therapist
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o To become active facilitators o To demonstrate care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and fascination o To believe in the client's abilities, talents and positive intentions o To adopt a not-knowing position that allows being guided by the client's story o To help clients construct a preferred story line
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The Role Of Questions In Narrative Therapy
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o Questions are used as a way to generate experience rather than to gather information o Questions are always asked from a position of respect, curiosity, and openness o Therapists ask questions form a not-knowing stance o By asking questions, therapists assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations
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Externalization
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o Living life means relating to problems, not being fused with them o Externalization is a process of separating the person form identifying with the problem o Externalizing conversations help people in freeing themselves form being identified with the problem o Externalizing conversations can lead clients in recognizing times when they have dealt successfully with the problem
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Deconstruction and Creating Alternative stories
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o Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed (taken apart) before new stories are co-created o The assumption is that people can continually and actively re-author their lives o Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future o As appreciative audience helps new stories to take root
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Application of Narrative Therapy to Group Counseling
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o Narrative therapy had been used for group work in school settings o Group work provides an appreciative audience with which a client can discuss the new developments of his or her life o New identities can be rehearsed in the group setting o Wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including: o Anger management o Grief counseling o Academic management o An adventure-based program
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Limitations of Postmodern Approaches
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o Therapists must be skilled in implementing brief interventions o Therapists may employ techniques in a mechanistic fashion o Reliance on techniques may detract from building a therapeutic relationship o Narrative therapists must be careful to approach client's stories without imposing a preconceived notion of the client's experiences o For some individuals, the therapist's "not knowing stance" may compromise the client's confidence in the therapist as an expert o More empirical research is needed
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Family Systems Counseling
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o Family counseling is based on family systems theory, which understands the family to be living organism that is more than the sum of its individual members. o When working with an individual, must understand person within family system. o Change the system, create change for individual o Short-term, solution focused, here and now
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Individuals
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are best understood through assessing the interactions within an entire family
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o Symptoms-
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are viewed as an expression of a dysfunction within a family
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o Problematic behaviors
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o Serve a purpose for the family o Are a function of the family inability to operate productively o Are symptomatic patterns handed down across generations
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A family
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is an interactional unit and a change in one member effect all members
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Adlerian Family Therapy
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o Adlerians use of educational model to counsel families o Emphasis is on family atmosphere and family constellation o Therapists function as collaborators who seek to join the family o Parent interviews yield hunches about the purposes underlying children's misbehavior
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Adlerian Family Therapy Treatment Goals
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o Unlock mistaken goals and interactional patterns o Engage parents in a learning experience and a collaborative assessment o Emphasis is on the family's motivational patterns o Main aim to initiate a reorientation of the family
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Multigenerational Family Therapy
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o The application of rational thinking to emotionally saturated systems o A well-articulated theory is considered to be essential o With the proper knowledge the individual can change o Change occurs with other family members o Differentiation of the self o A psychological separation form others o Triangulation o A third party is recruited to reduce anxiety and stabilize a couples' relationship
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Multigenerational Family Therapy Treatment Goals
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o To change the individuals within the context of the system o To end generation-to-generation transmission of problems by resolving emotional attachments o To lesson anxiety and relieve symptoms o To increase the individual member's level of differentiation
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Human Validation Process Model
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o Enhancement and Validation of self-esteem o Family rules o Congruence and openness is communications o Sculpting o Nurturing triads o Family mapping and chronologies
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Human Validation Process Model Therapy Goals
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o Open communications o Individuals are allowed to honestly report their perceptions o Enhancement of self-esteem o Family decisions are based on individual needs o Encouragement of growth o Differences are acknowledged and seen as opportunities for growth o Transform extreme rules into useful and functional rules o Families have many spoken and unspoken rules
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Experiential Family Therapy
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o A freewheeling, intuitive, sometimes outrageous approach aiming to: o Unmask pretense, create a new meaning, and liberate family members to be themselves o Techniques are secondary to the therapeutic relationship o Pragmatic and a theoretical o Interventions create turmoil and intensify what is going on here and now in the family
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Experiential Family Therapy Treatment Goals
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o Facilitate individual autonomy and a sense of belonging in the family o Help individuals achieve more intimacy by increasing their awareness and their experiencing o Encourage members to be themselves by freely expressing what they are thinking and feeling o Support spontaneity, creativity, the ability to play, and the willingness to be "crazy"
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Structural Family Therapy
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o Focus is on family interactions to understand the structure, or organization of the family o Symptoms are a by-product of structural failings o Structural changes must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be reduced o Techniques are active, directive, and well thought-out
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Structural Family Therapy treatment Goals
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o Reduce symptoms of dysfunction o Bring about structural change by o Modifying the family's transactional rules o Developing more appropriate boundaries o Creation of an effective hierarchical structure • It is assumed that faulty family structures have: • Boundaries that are rigid or diffuse • Subsystems that have inappropriate tasks and functions
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Strategic Family Therapy
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o Focuses on solving problems in the present o Presenting problems are accepted as "real" and not a symptoms of system dysfunction o Therapy is brief, process-focused, and solution-oriented o The therapist designs strategies for change o Change results when the family follows the therapist's directions and change transactions
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Strategic Family therapy Treatment Goals
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o Resolve presenting problems by focusing on behavioral sequences o Get people to behave differently o Shift the family organization so that the presenting problem is no longer functional o Move the family toward the appropriate stage of family development o Problems often arise during the transition from one developmental stage to the next
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Limitations of the Family Systems Approach
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o An overemphasis on the system may result in the unique characteristic of the individual family members being overlooked o Concern with the well-being and function of the system may overshadow the therapist's view of the needs and functioning of the individuals in the system o Practitioners are cautioned not to assume the Western models of family are Universal and must be culturally competent o Therapists with a Westernized view of the family may inadvertently overlook the important of extended family when working with families form other cultures
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Integrative counseling
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o Practitioners who are open to an integrative perspective will find that several theories play a crucial role in their personal counseling approach. Each theory has its unique contributions and its own domain of expertise. By accepting that each theory had strengths and weaknesses and is, by definition, "different" from the others, practitioners have some basis to begin developing a theory that fist form them
