question

Which 3 chemicals, in general, make up carbohydrates?

answer

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

question

Are Monosaccharides simple or complex carbon chains?

answer

Simple

question

In monosaccharides what is the type of bond between oxygen molecules?

answer

Glycoside

question

What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Fructose
Glucose
Galactose

answer

Monosaccharides

question

True or False:
Monosaccharides are readily absorbed by intestines from diet

answer

True

question

Define the following:
Disaccharides

answer

2 monos join with the release of a water molecule (glycosidic bond)

question

True or False:
Disaccharides are broken down by enzymes in intestines, then absorbed as monos

answer

True

question

What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

answer

Disaccharides

question

Define the following:
Oligosaccharides

answer

2-10 Monosaccharides

question

Define the following:
Polysaccharides

answer

>10 monosaccharides

question

What type of carbohydrates are the following considered:
Starch
Glycogen

answer

Polysaccharides

question

True or False:
Polysaccharides are the primary dietary source of carbohydrates

answer

True

question

What begins the process of digestion?

answer

Salivary Amylase

question

What two enzymes break down complex sugars into monos which are absorbed into blood?

answer

Pancreatic amylase
Intestinal maltase

question

_____ travels to liver or directly into tissues for energy use or storage

answer

Glucose

question

Other monos first travel to what organ where they are converted into glucose.

answer

Liver

question

Glucose can be stored in liver and muscles as what?

answer

Glycogen

question

True or False:
Glucose is a primary energy source

answer

True

question

Glucose cannot be stored where?

answer

Brain or nervous tissues

question

Once Glucose enters a cell it is converted to what?

answer

glucose-6-phosphate

question

How does glucose enter a cell?

answer

Facilitated Diffusion

question

What does Glucose require to convert into glucose-6-phosphate?

answer

Hexokinase

question

What type of glycolysis does the following occur:
G6P is converted to pyruvate with production of lactate and 2 ATP

answer

Anaerobic

question

What is the following called:
When O2 is plentiful, pyruvate converts to acetyl coenzyme A and enters the Kreb's cycle to create ATP, CO2, and H2O

answer

Aerobic Oxidation

question

Describe Hexose Monophosphate Shunt

answer

Production of ribose and NADPH which protects cells from free radical damage;
Ribose used for nucleic acid formation.

question

True or False:
HMP shunt is an important energy source for red cells

answer

True

question

Define the following: Glycogenesis

answer

When Energy needs are low and glucose is in excess, G6P converts into glcogen for storage

question

Define the following: Glycogenolysis

answer

When the body needs energy, the liver can convert glycogen back to glucose and release it into the circulation

question

Define the following: Gluconeogenesis

answer

Formation of glucose from AA, Ketones, Lactate, Glycerol, and other non-CHO sources during times of fasting.

question

What is Gluconeogenesis associated with?

answer

Ketosis

question

Describe Lipolysis

answer

In time of starvation, lipids can supply energy by the production of ketones through the Kreb's cycle

question

What organ is the primary consumer of ketones?

answer

Brain

question

Define the following: Lipogenesis

answer

Excess glycose can contribute to production of fats

question

What are the 3 sources of Glucose?

answer

Food
Stored Glycogen
Gluconeogenesis

question

Insulin is secreted by the pancreas in response to what?

answer

Elevated Plasma Glucose

question

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas in response to what?

answer

Decreased Plasma Glucose

question

What kind of hormone is Epinephrine?

answer

Adrenal

question

Epinephrine ____ plasma glucose rapidly during times of stress

answer

Raises

question

What kind of hormone is Cortisol?

answer

Adrenal

question

Cortisol ____ plasma glucose

answer

Raises

question

What other substances can raise plasma glucose?

answer

GH
ACTH
Thyroxine (T4)
Somatostatin

question

Insulin is the only _______ agent

answer

Hypoglycemic

question

How does Insulin DECREASE plasma glucose?

answer

Accelerating uptake of glucose into cells
Triggering glycolysis, glycogenesis, and lipogenesis synthesis

question

Glucagon is secreated by the pancrease in what times?

answer

Fasting or stress

question

Glucagon is what type of agent?

answer

Hyperglycemic

question

How does Glucagon RAISE plasma glucose?

answer

Promoting glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis

question

Does Insulin Increase or Decrease plasma glucose?

answer

Decrease

question

Does Glucagon Increase or Decrease plasma glucose?

answer

Increase

question

What is the reference range of Carbohydrate Metabolism?

answer

70-110 mg/dL

question

What is the range for Hyperglycemia?

answer

Fasting>110 mg/dL

question

What is the range for Hypoglycemia?

answer

<60 mg/dL

question

What does High Blood Glucose result from?

answer

Defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

question

Diabetes-related complications are the leading cause of what -related deaths?

answer

Heart Disease or Stroke

question

What is Diabetes the leading cause of?

answer

Blindness
Kidney Failure
Non-traumatic limb amputations
Nerve Damage

question

Type I - What is Absolute Insulin Deficiency due to?

answer

Destruction of pancreatic cells

question

Is Type I or Type II considered an autoimmune disease?

answer

Type I

question

What is the age range for Type I (generally)?

answer

Juvenile-Adolescence

question

Does Type I occur suddenly?

answer

Yes

question

Is Type I or Type II considered insulin dependent?

answer

Type I

question

Ketosis

answer

Decreased pH, Hyperventilation, Confusion, Coma

question

What 3 diseases are associated with Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

answer

Kidney
Eye
Heart

question

In Type I or Type II will you see the following:
Polydipsia, polyuria, weight loss

answer

Type I

question

Is Type I or Type II considered to have insulin resistance/insulin secretory defect?

answer

Type II

question

What age goes with Type II (generally)?

answer

Adult onset
(becoming more frequent in kids)

question

Which Type of Diabetes has the following:
Stronger genetic basis, race, ethnicity factors

answer

Type II

question

How can Type II be controlled?

answer

Diet
Weight Control
Exercise
Oral Medicine

question

What percentage of Type II Diabetics will become insulin dependent?

answer

16%

question

What are the diseases associated with Type II Diabetes Mellitus?

answer

Microvascular disease;
Risk of eye, heart disease/stroke, and kidney problems

question

Type II: Nonketotic hyperosmolar coma (>_____ mg/dL)

answer

1000

question

Which diabetes has an onset during pregnancy?

answer

Gestational

question

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is what percentage of all pregnancies?

answer

2-3%

question

It is believed that what placental hormone inhibits insulin?

answer

Lactogen

question

True or False:
Women who obtain Gestational Diabetes Mellitus have a higher chance of developing diabetes later

answer

True

question

What diseases are associated with the infants of women who suffer Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?

answer

Macrosomia
RDS
Hypoglycemic shock

question

What is the mg/dL fasting concentration for pre-diabetics?

answer

100-125

question

What is the mg/dL post prandial concentration for pre-diabetics?

answer

140-199

question

What are 3 other causes of hyperglycemia?

answer

Malignancies of pancreas
Liver Disease
Drugs

question

When do symptoms of hypoglycemia occur?

answer

50-55 mg/dL

question

When do convulsions and coma occur at for hypoglycemia?

answer

20-30 mg/dL

question

After 20 minutes of convulsions due to hypoglycemia what will occur?

answer

Brain damage or death

question

What will stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit insulin?

answer

Glycagon
Epinephrine
Cortisol
GH

question

Symptoms of Hypoglycemia?

answer

Hunger
Shakiness
Increased heart rate and bp
sweating
nausea
blurring vision
confusion

question

Causes of Hypoglycemia

answer

Insulin overdose
Insulin shock due to insulin producing tumors
Drug interactions
Predisposing illness or hospitalization
Extreme exercise

question

Panic Values?

answer

<50
>450

question

Reference Range for:
Fasting Serum or Plasma

answer

70-110

question

Reference Range for:
Whole Blood

answer

65-95

question

Reference Range for:
Neonate

answer

50-100

question

Reference Range for:
CSF

answer

40-70

question

Reference Range for:
Urine, random

answer

Negative

question

Reference Range for:
Renal Threshold

answer

160-180

question

What color top will have sodium fluoride plus potassium oxalate

answer

Gray/Grey Top

question

True or False:
Sodium Fluoride is the specimen of choice for whole blood testing or if testing will be delayed

answer

True

question

What does Sodium fluoride inhibit?

answer

Glycolysis

question

What color top do you use for plasma testing?

answer

Green (Heparin)

question

Serum/plasma with no perservative, separated from cells: Glucose is stable for how long at RT?

answer

8 hours

question

Serum/plasma with no perservative, separated from cells: Glucose is stable for how long at 4 degrees Celsius?

answer

72 hours

question

Unpreserved whole blood: Glucose will decreased by _____ per hour at RT

answer

12%

question

Random Glucose: What concentration plus the class symptoms of diabetes is diagnostic

answer

> or = 200 (x 2)

question

Fasting Plasma Glucose: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes?

answer

>126 mg/dL

question

Fasting Plasma Glucose: What concentration is impaired for diabetes?

answer

10-125 mg/dL

question

What is the recommended screening in all asymptomatic people >45 years of age?

answer

Fasting Plasma Glucose

question

2 Hour Post- Prandial: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes?

answer

> or = 200 mg/dL

question

Is OGTT recommended for routine use?

answer

No

question

OGTT is for diagnosis in patients who have what type of fasting levels?

answer

Borderline

question

The OGTT is never warranted if fasting is >_____

answer

126

question

OGTT: What concentration is diagnostic for diabetes at 2 hours?

answer

> or = 200 mg/dL

question

3 Hour OGTT for what type of diabetes?

answer

Gestational

question

What reflects the average blood glucose concentration for the preceding 3 months?

answer

Glycosylated Hemoglobin
HbA1C

question

What specimen is needed for HbA1C?

answer

EDTA

question

What is the normal range for HbA1C?

answer

4-6%

question

What can cause a false negative HbA1C?

answer

Anything causing a shorter RBC lifespan

question

What can cause a false positive HbA1C?

answer

Patients receiving erythropoietin or have gotten a blood transfusion

question

What are the 2 current testing methods for Glucose?

answer

Glucose Oxidase Method
Hexokinase Method

question

What does the Glucose Oxidase Method measure?

answer

Chromogen produced OR
Amount of O2 Consumed (polargraphic)

question

False Negatives for the Glucose Oxidase Method?

answer

Uric Acid
Ascorbic Acid
Bilirubin

question

False Positives for the Glucose Oxidase Method?

answer

Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Caffeine

question

Hexokinase Method measures absorbance of NADPH at _____

answer

340 nm

question

Which Test is more specific Hexokinase or Glucose Oxidase?

answer

Hexokinase Method

question

False Negatives for the Hexokinase Method?

answer

Hemolysis
Bilirubin

question

Urine Glucose will be positive when what happens?

answer

Renal threshold has been exceeded

question

A positive for Urine and Serum ketones is considered what?

answer

Panic Value

question

Urine and Serum Ketones can be seen in what conditions?

answer

Uncontrolled diabetes
Fasting/Starvation
Vomiting

question

Microalbumin is used to assess what?

answer

early renal disease BEFORE the onset of proteinuria

question

What else will you find for Diabetic patients?

answer

High urine SG
Proteinuria
Microvascular renal disease
Yeast infections and nervous system impairment

question

Will you see High or Low osmolality/dehydration in Diabetic patients?

answer

High osmolality/dehydration

question

Serum Ketones lead to what?

answer

Acidosis, hyperventilation, vomiting, and coma

Clinical Chemistry Exam 2 Review Carbohydrates – Flashcards

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