Clinical Chemistry Exam 1 Lecture 5 – Flashcards
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| Kjeldahl |
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| Classic method for quantitating total protein |
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| Kjeldahl = |
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| Total Nitrogen Content x 16% |
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| Biuret |
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| Routine method for quantitating total protein |
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| Biuret process |
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| Cupric ions + peptide bonds = Violet Required 2 or more peptide bonds and an alkaline medium Color is proportional to protein concentration |
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| For Biuret you should read color on a spec at ____ nm |
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| 540 |
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| Should you avoid hemolysis with Biuret |
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| Yes |
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| Dye-Binding is often associated with which type of substance? |
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| Albumin |
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| Albumin + dye absorbs light at about _____ nm |
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| 600 |
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| True or False: Absorbance is directly proportional to albumin concentration with Dye-Binding testing method |
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| True |
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| Dye Binding Principle |
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| Positive charged Albumin + Negative charged dye |
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| What types of dyes are associated with Dye-Binding? |
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| Bromcresol green Bromcresol purple Methyl Orange |
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| Nephelometry |
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| Serum proteins added to specific antibody Detectors measure light scatter caused by ag-ab complexes Amount of light is proportional to the protein's concentration |
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| What substances are often associated with Nephelometry |
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| Tf Hapt Immunoglobulins C' |
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| Is Serum Protein Eelectrophoresis quantitative or semi-quantitative? |
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| Semi-quantitative |
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| With the SPE in what direction will negatively charged proteins travel? |
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| Toward the anode (+) |
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| What does the rate of migration with the SPE depend on? |
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| Size Charge Shape Time Support Media Endosmosis |
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| What are the support media associated with SPE? |
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| Cellulose acetate Agarose gel Polyacrylamide gel |
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| Stains used with SPE? |
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| Ponceau S Amido Black Coomassie Blue |
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| A _____ converts visible protein bands into peaks. The area under each peak can be semi-quantitated. |
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| Densitometer |
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| Monoclonal gammopathy |
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| [image] |
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| Polyclonal gammopathy |
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| [image] |
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| Hypogammaglobulinemia |
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| [image] |
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| Alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency |
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| [image] |
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| Beta-Gamma bridging |
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| [image] |
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| Nephrotic Syndrome |
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| [image] |
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| Normal SPE |
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| [image] |
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| Proliferation of one clone of immunoglobulin |
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| Monoclonal gammopathy |
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| What diseases are associated with Monoclonal Gammopathy |
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| Multiple Myeloma Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia |
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| True or False: SPE does not identify the specific protein |
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| True |
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| What test would you run after SPE? |
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| IFE |
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| True or False: M spike may appear in alpha 2, beta, or gamma regions |
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| True |
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| What type of SPE are Osteolytic lesions and elevated calcium often associated with? |
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| Monoclonal Gammopathy |
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| Increase in all gamma proteins |
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| Polyclonal gammopathy |
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| What illnesses are often associated with Polyclonal Gammopathy |
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| Chronic inflammation Infections |
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| Hypogammaglobulinemia is associated with what type of illness? |
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| Immunodeficiency |
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| Is Hypogammaglobulinemia inherited or acquired? |
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| Both |
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| How can Hypogammaglobulinemia be acquired? |
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| Cancer, chemo, HIV, etc. |
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| What illness is associated with Alpha 1-Antitrypsin deficiency? |
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| Emphysema |
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| Beta-gamma bridging is associated with what type of gamma proteins? |
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| Fast-moving |
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| What illness is Beta-gamma bridging associated with? |
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| Liver cirrhosis |
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| In Nephrotic syndrome what substance is associated with increased protein loss through the kidneys? |
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| Acute phase reactants |
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| In Nephrotic syndrome what substance is associated with decreased protein loss through the kidneys? |
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| Albumin |
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| Globulin = |
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| Total protein - Albumin |
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| Normal Ratio of A/G |
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| 1.5 to 1 |
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| Low A/G ratio |
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| Too many globulins or Too little albumin |
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| High A/G ratio |
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| Not enough globulins |
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| What illnesses are associated with: low A/G ratio due to too many globulins |
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| MM Autoimmune diseases |
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| What illnesses are associated with: low A/G ratio due to too little albumin |
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| Renal disease Liver disease |
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| What illnesses are associated with: not enough globulins |
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| Genetic Leukemia Immunosuppressed |
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| Immunofixation Electrophoresis |
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| Identifies the specific protein causing the M spike on SPE or UPE |
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| Normal Urine protein electrophoresis |
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| Urine concentrated x 100 |
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| Normal Urine protein electrophoresis shows only a _____ amount of albumin |
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| small |
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| Urine with Bence Jones Protein |
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| Obvious M Spike IFE needed to identify type of light chain present |
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| What type of band is more obvious with a Normal CSF Electrophoresis? |
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| prealbumin |
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| CSF with Oligoclonal Bands |
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| Abnormal banding in the gamma region IgG Index >0.8 |
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| What disease is CSF with Oligoclonal Bands consistent with? |
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| Multiple Sclerosis |
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| Which type of Electrophoresis is fast and requires little sample? |
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| Capillary (Zone) Electrophoresis |
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| With Capillary Electrophoresis, when the capillary is connected to a power supply, the charged molecules migrate at different rates depending on what? |
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| net charge |
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| Capillary Electrophoresis: ____ are measured by absorbance as they pass through a detector |
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| Proteins |
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| Plasma Viscosity |
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| Non-specific measure of protein changes due to inflammation/tissue damage |
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| Does Plasma Viscosity Increase or Decrease in parallel to the ESR |
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| Increase |
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| Is Plasma Viscosity affected by hematocrit or testing delays? |
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| No |
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| What diseases is an increased plasma viscosity associated with? |
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| Myeloma Hyperfibrinogenemia |
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| How is Plasma Viscosity measured with? |
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| Viscometer |
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| What are the reporting units of Plasma Viscosity? |
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| Centipoises (cP or cps) |
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| What is the Normal Rate of Plasma Viscosity? |
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| 1.1-1.5 cP |
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| Water at Room Temperature is about ___ cP |
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| 1 |
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| What is the Critical Value for Plasma Viscosity? |
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| >3.0 cP |
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| If G is increased or A is decreased the ratio will be low. What 3 diseases are associated with this? |
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| MM Chronic Disease Nephrotic Syndrome |
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| If G is decreased the ratio will be high. What disease is associated with this? |
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| Immune Suppression |
