Civilization: The Punic Wars, the Primary Cause of The Great Schism, the Cluny Reform – Flashcards
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the first metal developed to replace stone in the making of tools was
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bronze
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who developed the form of writing called cuneiform
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sumerians
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what is the primary reason why the earliest civilizations grew up in river valleys
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river valleys are especially fertile, allowing for large scale food production
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the first ruler to unify much of mesopotamia and create a true empire was
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sargon
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the epic of gilgamesh includes the story of
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a hero kings search for entire life
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the code of hammurabi reveals
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a rigid class structure which was unequal
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in the sumerian religion, gods
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lived in fully equipped houses located in cities such as Ur
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the old kingdom of egypt collapsed amidst
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internal turmoil and political decentralization
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about 1700 BCE the middle kingdom of egypt was brought down by
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hyksos immigrants from the levant
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the new kingdom was different than earlier period of egyptian history because
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egyptian rulers pursued foreign expansion and created a large empire
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in ancient egypt ma'at was
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the highest virtue combining the ideas of truth, justice, and order
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how was the worship of the god aten different than customary religious practice in ancient egypt
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aten was a universal creator god to be worshipped above al others aten took the form of a circle or disc with hand streching out from it aten had special relationship with the ruler amunhotep IV and his wife Nefertiti
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hittite military success was based largely on
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the development and use of iron weapons
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the assyrians were famous for their
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fierce and well disciplined military
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not much is known about the indus river valley civilization because
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it disappeared before 1500 BCE and its writing is still indeciphered
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the vedas contain the earliest beliefs of hinduism and originated with
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aryans who moved into Ganges area
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bronze age china lacked the type of monumental architecture common in the ancient near east because
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the shang capital moved frequently
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the religious endorsement for political rule in china was known as
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mandate of heaven
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the characters in chinease writing represent
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sounds ideas words
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in the americas relatively dense neolithic settlements emerged in all of the following area except
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great plains
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the most important staple food crop for early american cultures was
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maize
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mesoamerica is located
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in modern mexico and parts of central america
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confucius beleived that
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government should be run by men of superior learning and culture
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according to Daoists, a good ruler should
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set an example by doing and saying as little as possible
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legalism was the philosophy of the state under
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the Qin
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Karma refers to
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the principle that every action influences the cycle of life and death
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according to the teachings of buddha
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pain and suffering stem from selfish desires
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ethical monotheism was pioneered by the
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israelites
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called the father of the faithful many consider this man to be the symbolic founder of three of the woulds larges religions, judaism christianity and islam
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abraham
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for the hebrews the shift to the exclusive worship of yahweh as a single god occurred
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during the exodus from egypt under the leadership of moses
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the Torah is
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gods holy law as part of hebrew scripture
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the term sephardim refers to
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the jews that lived in muslim areas such as spain
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thales is regarded as the first greek philosopher because he
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explained the origins of the world in naturalistic terms
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socrates was sentences to death by a jury of athenian citizens mainly because
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questioned traditional beliefs and urged people to live more moral lives
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plato argued that the best and most moral system of government was one ruled by
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a philosopher king
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the polis can best be described as a
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moral community of citizens
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archeological studies of mycenaean cities and palaces indicate they were
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a warlike and violent people
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a tholos tomb
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was a single huge beehibe like chamber
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homers epic poems the Illiad and odyssey refer primarily to which period in greek history
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middle age of archaic
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which qualities would a homeric hero prize most dearly
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individual prowess, courage, excellence
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in the greek world a polis was an
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independent political unit small city community sharing common ancestors and religious rites
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a hoplite phalanx is
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a sisciplined closed fighting formation
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the greek colonization movement around 750 BCE occurred primarily because of the
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desire to trade and make money
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the two main factors which determined the character of spartan society were
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the conquest of messenia and the enslavement of the Helots
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the spartans were compelled to make the army the primary focus of their society because
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of the threat of rebellion by their slaves
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in the spartan government, which institution represented the democratic element
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the assembly
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solon's reforms
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encouraged industry expanded citizenship made athens dependent of imported wheat
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for most greeks the greatest personality flaw was that of hubris which can be defined as
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arrogance that accompanied excellence
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the athenian victory at marathon in 490 BCE
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was due to the leadership of miltiades was important for the positive contributions of athens in the fifth century did not provide permanent protection for athens from the persian threat
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the persian war battle that ensured greek independence was
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marathon
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athens became the leader of the delian league because
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sparta was not willing to make a long term commitment from the peloponnesus
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the rebellion of the island of thasos from the delian league in 465 BCE was important because
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it was the first recorded instance in which athenian interests alone seemed to dominate league policies
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the primary cause of the pelponnesian was was
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athens growing domination over the other city states
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the rationale behind the expedition against Sicily was
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the conquest of Sicily would have deprived the spartans of all hope of western support and it would have provided athens with plenty of money
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Thucydides was an athenian who
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wrote the history of the peloponnesian war
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after philips assassination alexander
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consolidated greece and the northern frontier of macedon promoted various members of his family to help with the administration of greece was well recieved and supported by the greeks
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which best describes alexanders early strategy against persia
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besiege the most important cities and wear the opposition down over a long period of time attack syria first since it was the key to persian strength seek quick and decisive battles to gain money and supplies from the conquered territory
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alexander was forced to end his conquest in India because of
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a mutiny by his men
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which best describes the beliefs of Epicurus
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pursuit of happiness, practical atheism, withdrawal from public life
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part of the genius of the achaemenids unparalleled imperial success lay in their ability to
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use existing institutions to build their own state
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pre achaemenid religious texts suggest that the earliest persian religion
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had many parallels with vedic aryan religion
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zoroastrianism was removed from world history as a major force by
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islam
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modern iran has a dual cultural heritage based on
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islamic/zoroastrian
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the common language of the near east during the achaemenid rule was
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aramaic
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to hold their diverse empire together the rulers of the achaemenid dynasty
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developed an efficient administrative system which borrowed much from preceding kingdoms
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under the reign of darius the achaemenid empire generally
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practiced toleration of religious and cultural diversity
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kautilya is famous in indian history as
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a cunning and ruthless political thinker who laid the basis of the mauryan empire
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alexander the great
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made little impact of the indian subcontinent exept in the northwest
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after the reign of ashoka mauryan rule
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collapsed because of bureaucratic curruption and economic problems
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the most important contribution of seleucid dynasty to near eastern history was
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spreading greek culture in urban regions across the middle east
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the new urban centers in the helienistic age probably contributed to
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none of the above
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the farthest reach of helienization occurred i which satrapy of the seleucid empire
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bactria
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the parthians were a steppe people who
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defeated the selecuids and created a large empire in iran
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like many nomadic steppe peoples the sakas and kushans are often ignored by modern historians because
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they had no written language
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the zoroastrian religious tradition
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never had great appeal outside its homeland
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the cross cultural contact between easter and western cultures is best symbolized by
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the helienizing conquests of alexander the great
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hinduism can best be described as
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polytheistic, with individual devotion to a particular god
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in general the people of aftrica
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have not been as internally isolated or compartmentalized as was once thought
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which of the following is not an important primary source for rural sub saharan african history
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writing from government bureaucracies
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in general the geography and climate of africa
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displays a great deal of diversity
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ethnically and culturally the population of aftrica
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is as diverse as that of the other major continents
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what is the primary drawback to the reports of outside observers concerning African societies
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they are often riddled with strong biases
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the popular view that sub saharan aftrica was isolated from civilization until it was discovered by europeans
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badly distorts reality
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the reason that racial theories cannot be used to explain the development of languages agriculture and statebuilding in africa is because
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the concept of race itsself is problematic
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the origins of the Gikuyu
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is a similarstory to abraham in the old testement but instead of having a son Gikuyus daughters eight married men who would live in a matriachal system
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we know that the Kushite kingdom was strong and prosperous based on the evidence of
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the ruins of palace fortresses and tombs
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during its highpoint the meroitic empire prospered primarily due to its role as
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middleman for african goods bound for the mediterranean and near east
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in the meroitic empire royal succession proceeded
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within the royal family, often through the maternal line
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select the proper chronological arrangement for the following African cultures
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nok, napatan, meroitic
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one of the main reasons for the decline of kush in general and meroe in particular was
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competition from aksum for control over trade routes
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the primary religion i the aksumite empire was
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christianity
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in the first centuries CE the kingdom of aksum grew wealthy by
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selling goods from inner aftrica to the people of the roman empire and the indian ocean
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a major step in the unique development of the abyssinian Christan church over the succeeding centuries was
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its replacement of the Greek language in the ritual with Ge'ez
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the aksumite empire declined primarily as a result of
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its growing geographic and religious isolation with the spread of islam
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invasion of the mamluk rulers of egypt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries led ultimately to
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general muslim conversion of Nubia islamization of Nubia
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trans-saharan trade increased dramatically in the first centuries CE as a result of the introduction of
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the domesticated camel
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the most important commodities exchanged between the Sahara and west Africa were
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gold and salt
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the first millennium CE saw the rise of seven sizable stats in the western and central sudan because
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settled agricultural populations and the expansion of trade
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Ghana's fame and importance in the sudan was due to
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its control over the gold trade
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Bantu peoples managed to impose their languages on earlier cultures because
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none of the above
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the cultural lag experienced by Africa was due to
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relative isolation from the expanding older civilizations
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the people who governed rome at the outset of its history and strongly infulences its political and cultural practices were
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the etruscans
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etruscan civilization decline because
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of an empire that was not firmly based and a celtic invasion of the Po valley
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the class of noble landowners who dominatied roman society and politics during the republic were known as
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patricians
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in the roman republic plebians were
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the mass of ordinary romans, mostly small farmers
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the duties of the tribune were
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to protect the plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates
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rome's treatment of conquered italian cities
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promoted loyalty by granting roman citizenship to faithful allies
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the punic wars were fought between rome and
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carthage
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hannibal planned to defeat rome by
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a direct assault on the city itself
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as a result of its conquest during and after the punic wars, rome experienced
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serious social and political unrest
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the most important result of the struggle of the orders was to
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five the plebians a somewhat greater role in roman governement
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tiberius gracchus sought to solve the problems facing the roman republic through
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land reform
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the first triumvirate was composed of
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caesar, pompey, crassus
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caesars refoms sought
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to rationalize established procedures while strengthening his own authority
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caesar was assassinated because
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he was regarded as a tyrant
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after defeating the assassins of caesar, octavians main rival for power was
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mark antony
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in general augustus military policy involved
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finding defensible borders
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the poet ovid wrote
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love elegies and was banished by augustus
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by the second century CE member of the upper classes were reluctant to accept manicipal office because
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they were personally responsible for taxes due
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which of the following was not a contribution of the romans to architecture
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the doric column
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select the correct chronological sequence for the following dynasties
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chou, qin, han, six dynasties
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paul of tarsus played a major role in early christianity because
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he spread the message of jesus to non jewish populations
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the first roman emperor to adopt christianity was
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constantine
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the most agressive of the germany tribes in the third century were
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goths who moved into the region of southern russia
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part of tomes defensive problems during the crisis of the third century were due to an army
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composed largely of germanic mercenaries
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in roman history the third century CE can beset be described as a period of
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political chaos and weekness
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why was the capital moved from constantinople by constantine
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all of the above
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after the 4th centruy CE the roman empire
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split into declining western and still fourishing eastern halves
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the qin dynasty was famous for
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harsh lays and societal order and stability
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the great wall of china was built
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to protect settled lands against nomadic raiders
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in the view of confucian historians the last rulers of any dynastic cycle tended to
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politically week and morally culpable
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the so called salt and iron debates were concerned with
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weather the government should have monopolies over certain goods
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which of the following was not among the major contenders for power during the han dynasty
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court officials
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china was susceptible to frequent earthquakes so under the Han dynasty they invented a seismograph that used which mechanism below
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a suspended weigh moves a lever which drops balls into frogs mouth
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buddhism spread
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from india to the southern qi and nothern wei and from there to korea and japan
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a primary tenet of buddhism is
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life is suffering
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The holiest city in islam is
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mecca
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before 600 CE the arab people were united primarily by
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a shared language and poetic idiom
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before muhammad arabia was
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inhibited by settled farmers and merchants alongside nomadic herdsmen
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The muslim believes in all of the following except
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baptism
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the faith that had the least influence of islam was
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hinduism
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which of the following is not a prophet recognized by the Qur'an as having come before muhammad
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augustine
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what is the main message of the Qur'an
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social justice and obedient worship and demanded of every human reject idolatrous worship of false gods submit oneself completely to gods will (all of above)
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jihad is considered by some to be one of the pillars of islam; it is best defined as
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a just and holy war
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in islam the umma is best defined as
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community of faithful
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in the Qur'an women have the right to
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own property
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in Islam the term caliph means
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successor of muhammad
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the muslim rulers who made the office of caliph hereditary and moved the capital from mecca to Damascus
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Umayyads
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those scholars who acted as judges and guardians of muslin conscience were known as
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ulama
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non arab converts to islam
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were considered clients and had a protected placed in the diwan
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christian, jewish, and zoroastrian minorities under islamic rule
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were forced to pay a non muslim head tax
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the major splits that occurred in islam in the century after muhammads death revolved around the issues of
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what was the nature of the community of faith and who should lead it
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in general the sunni branch of islam has
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taken the most inclusive approach to defining membership in the muslim community of faith
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the move of the islamic capital to bagdad under the high caliphate brought more political infuence to which group
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persians
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the mamluks were
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slave soldiers primarily of turkish origin
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which of the following did not contribute to the fragmentation of the muslim world after 800 CE
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the collapse of trade and commerce int he empire
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europeans were able to conquer the empires of the americas relatively easily for all of the following reasons except
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the rulers in the americas lacked technology
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scholars generally believed that human beings first came to populate the american continents by immigrating
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across a natural bridge from siberia into alaska
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difficulties confront scholars trying to understand the ancient civilizations of the americas because
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andean civilizations never developed writing
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christopher columbus and other early explorers
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beleived they had reached the east indies
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mesoamerica extends from
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central mexico into central america
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metallurgy came early to
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andean civilizations
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the staple crops that were domesticated during the archaic period in mesoamerican history were
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maize and beans
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the people of the americas most likely never developed the wheel because they
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had no large draft animals
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the mesoamerican calender is based on
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two interlocking solar cycles
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the maya were primarily located in the
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yucatan rain forest
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the pyramid of the sun is closely associated with which civilization
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teotihuacan
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recently historians have learned more about the maya civilization because of
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their ability to decipher mayan writing
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the name of modern day mexico comes from the term used by which of the following people to refer to themselves
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aztec
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the aztecs acquired their wealth from
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earlier mesoamerican people they conquered
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one of the main purposes for the aztecs frequent wars was to
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get prisoners to use in religious sacrifice
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itzcoatl was important to aztec civilization because he was
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the ruler who established the aztecs imperial ideology
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a central feature of aztec religion and politcal ideology was the belief in
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human sacrifice
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many peoples subjected to the aztecs were willing to support cortes because of
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all the above
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the peoples of which one of the following cultures did not participate in practice of human sacrifice
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none! all of them do
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when fransisco pizarro arrived in 1532 the incan empire was
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one of the largest states in the world
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the revival of the empire enacted by otto the first
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consolidated greater imperial power, led to revival of the influence of the church and created new towns
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The Cluny reform movement sought to
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remove the clergy from royal authority strengthen the powers of the holy roman emperor
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the group that benefited the most from the investiture controversy was
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the regional princes and great lords in the holy roman empire
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one of the most important results of the crusades was that
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trade the cultural exchanges with asia were encouraged
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perhaps the most index of popular piety and support for the popes in the high middle ages was
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the response to the church call for crusades to liberate the holy land
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all of the following constituted significant parts of the medieval social order except
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slaves
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the most common role for women in the european middle ages was
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blue collar worker
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the earliest european universities appeared in
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italy france and spain
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the magna carta is cosidered the cornerstone of modern english laws because it
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set limits on royal power and insured the right of representation to certain groups in society
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gothic architecture displayed all of the following characteristics except
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rounded arches
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the hundred years war was
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fought by the feudal monarchs of england and france
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which of the following was not a cause of the black death
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pollution of the water supply of the major cities of italy
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the black death resulted in all of the following except
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greater equality between mean and women
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unam sanctam was a
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statement of papal power issued by boniface VII
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the great schism
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resulted in rival popes supported by competing alliances of european states
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which of the following was not a feature of the 14th century crisis in medieval europe
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intellectual doubt produced by the discovery of the americans
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one of the dominant features of renaissance thought was a
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study of ancient greek and roman culture
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renaissance humanists are best described as
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advocates of a liberal arts program of study
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the dominant family of renaissance florence was the
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medici
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petrarch, dante, and boccacio were
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humanist literary figures
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leonardo da vinci and michelangelo personified the renaissance ideal or reniassance man meaning someone who
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practiced and excelled in a variety of activities or crafts
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spain unified when the following monarch married
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ferdinand and isabella
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the records of ancient matter were
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among the earliest japanese accounts of its own history
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the basic unit of yamato aristocratic society was
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the extended family or clan
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confucianism and buddhism both arrived in japan in what century
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6th century CE
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shinto in the japanese language means
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the way of the gods
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the shinto religion of japan is best described as
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a type of animistic nature worship
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the twin centers of japanese culutre in the Nara and Heian periods were
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buddhist monasteries and the imperial court
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japanese government during the Nara and Heian periods differed from china becasue
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all of the above
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samurai warriors were recruited from
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the local nobility
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in the Nara and Heian eras the most militarized region of japan was
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the eastern regions, which were the staging ground for campaigns against tribal peoples in the north
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the most important clan that became preeminent from 986-1086 was the
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fujiwara
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in general the aristocratic culture of Nara and Heian japan was
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remote from and scornful of lower class popular culture
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from the Nara period to the 19 th century most histories of japan were written in
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chinese
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Kana can best be define as
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a syllabic scrpt used to express japanese language
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the first writers of japanese literature in the japanese languages were
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women
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the most important attraction of buddhism to ordinary japanese during the nara and heian eras was its
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colorful and elaborate rituals
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the two great new buddhist sects of the heian era were
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tendai and shingon
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which of the following is a characteristic of early shinto
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the importance of sacrifices when calling upon the gods
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how was the second invasion of japan by the mongols of kubai khan repulsed
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a powerful storm or divine wind sank much of the invasion fleet
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the daimyo were
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powerful regional warlords who ruled much of the Japanese countryside
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