question

anthropologists designate early human cultures by their

answer

tools

question

the paleolithic age is characterized by

answer

a hunting and gathering existence

question

the neolithic revolution is characterized by

answer

the domestication of animlas and the start of agriculture

question

the development of writing first occured during the

answer

bronze age

question

the first metal developed to replace stone in the making of tools was

answer

bronze

question

who developed the form of writing called cuneiform

answer

sumerians

question

what is the primary reason why the earliest civilizations grew up in river valleys

answer

river valleys are especially fertile, allowing for large scale food production

question

the first ruler to unify much of mesopotamia and create a true empire was

answer

sargon

question

the epic of gilgamesh includes the story of

answer

a hero kings search for entire life

question

the code of hammurabi reveals

answer

a rigid class structure which was unequal

question

in the sumerian religion, gods

answer

lived in fully equipped houses located in cities such as Ur

question

the old kingdom of egypt collapsed amidst

answer

internal turmoil and political decentralization

question

about 1700 BCE the middle kingdom of egypt was brought down by

answer

hyksos immigrants from the levant

question

the new kingdom was different than earlier period of egyptian history because

answer

egyptian rulers pursued foreign expansion and created a large empire

question

in ancient egypt ma'at was

answer

the highest virtue combining the ideas of truth, justice, and order

question

how was the worship of the god aten different than customary religious practice in ancient egypt

answer

aten was a universal creator god to be worshipped above al others aten took the form of a circle or disc with hand streching out from it aten had special relationship with the ruler amunhotep IV and his wife Nefertiti

question

hittite military success was based largely on

answer

the development and use of iron weapons

question

the assyrians were famous for their

answer

fierce and well disciplined military

question

not much is known about the indus river valley civilization because

answer

it disappeared before 1500 BCE and its writing is still indeciphered

question

the vedas contain the earliest beliefs of hinduism and originated with

answer

aryans who moved into Ganges area

question

bronze age china lacked the type of monumental architecture common in the ancient near east because

answer

the shang capital moved frequently

question

the religious endorsement for political rule in china was known as

answer

mandate of heaven

question

the characters in chinease writing represent

answer

sounds ideas words

question

in the americas relatively dense neolithic settlements emerged in all of the following area except

answer

great plains

question

the most important staple food crop for early american cultures was

answer

maize

question

mesoamerica is located

answer

in modern mexico and parts of central america

question

confucius beleived that

answer

government should be run by men of superior learning and culture

question

according to Daoists, a good ruler should

answer

set an example by doing and saying as little as possible

question

legalism was the philosophy of the state under

answer

the Qin

question

Karma refers to

answer

the principle that every action influences the cycle of life and death

question

according to the teachings of buddha

answer

pain and suffering stem from selfish desires

question

ethical monotheism was pioneered by the

answer

israelites

question

called the father of the faithful many consider this man to be the symbolic founder of three of the woulds larges religions, judaism christianity and islam

answer

abraham

question

for the hebrews the shift to the exclusive worship of yahweh as a single god occurred

answer

during the exodus from egypt under the leadership of moses

question

the Torah is

answer

gods holy law as part of hebrew scripture

question

the term sephardim refers to

answer

the jews that lived in muslim areas such as spain

question

thales is regarded as the first greek philosopher because he

answer

explained the origins of the world in naturalistic terms

question

socrates was sentences to death by a jury of athenian citizens mainly because

answer

questioned traditional beliefs and urged people to live more moral lives

question

plato argued that the best and most moral system of government was one ruled by

answer

a philosopher king

question

the polis can best be described as a

answer

moral community of citizens

question

archeological studies of mycenaean cities and palaces indicate they were

answer

a warlike and violent people

question

a tholos tomb

answer

was a single huge beehibe like chamber

question

homers epic poems the Illiad and odyssey refer primarily to which period in greek history

answer

middle age of archaic

question

which qualities would a homeric hero prize most dearly

answer

individual prowess, courage, excellence

question

in the greek world a polis was an

answer

independent political unit small city community sharing common ancestors and religious rites

question

a hoplite phalanx is

answer

a sisciplined closed fighting formation

question

the greek colonization movement around 750 BCE occurred primarily because of the

answer

desire to trade and make money

question

the two main factors which determined the character of spartan society were

answer

the conquest of messenia and the enslavement of the Helots

question

the spartans were compelled to make the army the primary focus of their society because

answer

of the threat of rebellion by their slaves

question

in the spartan government, which institution represented the democratic element

answer

the assembly

question

solon's reforms

answer

encouraged industry expanded citizenship made athens dependent of imported wheat

question

for most greeks the greatest personality flaw was that of hubris which can be defined as

answer

arrogance that accompanied excellence

question

the athenian victory at marathon in 490 BCE

answer

was due to the leadership of miltiades was important for the positive contributions of athens in the fifth century did not provide permanent protection for athens from the persian threat

question

the persian war battle that ensured greek independence was

answer

marathon

question

athens became the leader of the delian league because

answer

sparta was not willing to make a long term commitment from the peloponnesus

question

the rebellion of the island of thasos from the delian league in 465 BCE was important because

answer

it was the first recorded instance in which athenian interests alone seemed to dominate league policies

question

the primary cause of the pelponnesian was was

answer

athens growing domination over the other city states

question

the rationale behind the expedition against Sicily was

answer

the conquest of Sicily would have deprived the spartans of all hope of western support and it would have provided athens with plenty of money

question

Thucydides was an athenian who

answer

wrote the history of the peloponnesian war

question

after philips assassination alexander

answer

consolidated greece and the northern frontier of macedon promoted various members of his family to help with the administration of greece was well recieved and supported by the greeks

question

which best describes alexanders early strategy against persia

answer

besiege the most important cities and wear the opposition down over a long period of time attack syria first since it was the key to persian strength seek quick and decisive battles to gain money and supplies from the conquered territory

question

alexander was forced to end his conquest in India because of

answer

a mutiny by his men

question

which best describes the beliefs of Epicurus

answer

pursuit of happiness, practical atheism, withdrawal from public life

question

part of the genius of the achaemenids unparalleled imperial success lay in their ability to

answer

use existing institutions to build their own state

question

pre achaemenid religious texts suggest that the earliest persian religion

answer

had many parallels with vedic aryan religion

question

zoroastrianism was removed from world history as a major force by

answer

islam

question

modern iran has a dual cultural heritage based on

answer

islamic/zoroastrian

question

the common language of the near east during the achaemenid rule was

answer

aramaic

question

to hold their diverse empire together the rulers of the achaemenid dynasty

answer

developed an efficient administrative system which borrowed much from preceding kingdoms

question

under the reign of darius the achaemenid empire generally

answer

practiced toleration of religious and cultural diversity

question

kautilya is famous in indian history as

answer

a cunning and ruthless political thinker who laid the basis of the mauryan empire

question

alexander the great

answer

made little impact of the indian subcontinent exept in the northwest

question

after the reign of ashoka mauryan rule

answer

collapsed because of bureaucratic curruption and economic problems

question

the most important contribution of seleucid dynasty to near eastern history was

answer

spreading greek culture in urban regions across the middle east

question

the new urban centers in the helienistic age probably contributed to

answer

none of the above

question

the farthest reach of helienization occurred i which satrapy of the seleucid empire

answer

bactria

question

the parthians were a steppe people who

answer

defeated the selecuids and created a large empire in iran

question

like many nomadic steppe peoples the sakas and kushans are often ignored by modern historians because

answer

they had no written language

question

the zoroastrian religious tradition

answer

never had great appeal outside its homeland

question

the cross cultural contact between easter and western cultures is best symbolized by

answer

the helienizing conquests of alexander the great

question

hinduism can best be described as

answer

polytheistic, with individual devotion to a particular god

question

in general the people of aftrica

answer

have not been as internally isolated or compartmentalized as was once thought

question

which of the following is not an important primary source for rural sub saharan african history

answer

writing from government bureaucracies

question

in general the geography and climate of africa

answer

displays a great deal of diversity

question

ethnically and culturally the population of aftrica

answer

is as diverse as that of the other major continents

question

what is the primary drawback to the reports of outside observers concerning African societies

answer

they are often riddled with strong biases

question

the popular view that sub saharan aftrica was isolated from civilization until it was discovered by europeans

answer

badly distorts reality

question

the reason that racial theories cannot be used to explain the development of languages agriculture and statebuilding in africa is because

answer

the concept of race itsself is problematic

question

the origins of the Gikuyu

answer

is a similarstory to abraham in the old testement but instead of having a son Gikuyus daughters eight married men who would live in a matriachal system

question

we know that the Kushite kingdom was strong and prosperous based on the evidence of

answer

the ruins of palace fortresses and tombs

question

during its highpoint the meroitic empire prospered primarily due to its role as

answer

middleman for african goods bound for the mediterranean and near east

question

in the meroitic empire royal succession proceeded

answer

within the royal family, often through the maternal line

question

select the proper chronological arrangement for the following African cultures

answer

nok, napatan, meroitic

question

one of the main reasons for the decline of kush in general and meroe in particular was

answer

competition from aksum for control over trade routes

question

the primary religion i the aksumite empire was

answer

christianity

question

in the first centuries CE the kingdom of aksum grew wealthy by

answer

selling goods from inner aftrica to the people of the roman empire and the indian ocean

question

a major step in the unique development of the abyssinian Christan church over the succeeding centuries was

answer

its replacement of the Greek language in the ritual with Ge'ez

question

the aksumite empire declined primarily as a result of

answer

its growing geographic and religious isolation with the spread of islam

question

invasion of the mamluk rulers of egypt in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries led ultimately to

answer

general muslim conversion of Nubia islamization of Nubia

question

trans-saharan trade increased dramatically in the first centuries CE as a result of the introduction of

answer

the domesticated camel

question

the most important commodities exchanged between the Sahara and west Africa were

answer

gold and salt

question

the first millennium CE saw the rise of seven sizable stats in the western and central sudan because

answer

settled agricultural populations and the expansion of trade

question

Ghana's fame and importance in the sudan was due to

answer

its control over the gold trade

question

Bantu peoples managed to impose their languages on earlier cultures because

answer

none of the above

question

the cultural lag experienced by Africa was due to

answer

relative isolation from the expanding older civilizations

question

the people who governed rome at the outset of its history and strongly infulences its political and cultural practices were

answer

the etruscans

question

etruscan civilization decline because

answer

of an empire that was not firmly based and a celtic invasion of the Po valley

question

the class of noble landowners who dominatied roman society and politics during the republic were known as

answer

patricians

question

in the roman republic plebians were

answer

the mass of ordinary romans, mostly small farmers

question

the duties of the tribune were

answer

to protect the plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates

question

rome's treatment of conquered italian cities

answer

promoted loyalty by granting roman citizenship to faithful allies

question

the punic wars were fought between rome and

answer

carthage

question

hannibal planned to defeat rome by

answer

a direct assault on the city itself

question

as a result of its conquest during and after the punic wars, rome experienced

answer

serious social and political unrest

question

the most important result of the struggle of the orders was to

answer

five the plebians a somewhat greater role in roman governement

question

tiberius gracchus sought to solve the problems facing the roman republic through

answer

land reform

question

the first triumvirate was composed of

answer

caesar, pompey, crassus

question

caesars refoms sought

answer

to rationalize established procedures while strengthening his own authority

question

caesar was assassinated because

answer

he was regarded as a tyrant

question

after defeating the assassins of caesar, octavians main rival for power was

answer

mark antony

question

in general augustus military policy involved

answer

finding defensible borders

question

the poet ovid wrote

answer

love elegies and was banished by augustus

question

by the second century CE member of the upper classes were reluctant to accept manicipal office because

answer

they were personally responsible for taxes due

question

which of the following was not a contribution of the romans to architecture

answer

the doric column

question

select the correct chronological sequence for the following dynasties

answer

chou, qin, han, six dynasties

question

paul of tarsus played a major role in early christianity because

answer

he spread the message of jesus to non jewish populations

question

the first roman emperor to adopt christianity was

answer

constantine

question

the most agressive of the germany tribes in the third century were

answer

goths who moved into the region of southern russia

question

part of tomes defensive problems during the crisis of the third century were due to an army

answer

composed largely of germanic mercenaries

question

in roman history the third century CE can beset be described as a period of

answer

political chaos and weekness

question

why was the capital moved from constantinople by constantine

answer

all of the above

question

after the 4th centruy CE the roman empire

answer

split into declining western and still fourishing eastern halves

question

the qin dynasty was famous for

answer

harsh lays and societal order and stability

question

the great wall of china was built

answer

to protect settled lands against nomadic raiders

question

in the view of confucian historians the last rulers of any dynastic cycle tended to

answer

politically week and morally culpable

question

the so called salt and iron debates were concerned with

answer

weather the government should have monopolies over certain goods

question

which of the following was not among the major contenders for power during the han dynasty

answer

court officials

question

china was susceptible to frequent earthquakes so under the Han dynasty they invented a seismograph that used which mechanism below

answer

a suspended weigh moves a lever which drops balls into frogs mouth

question

buddhism spread

answer

from india to the southern qi and nothern wei and from there to korea and japan

question

a primary tenet of buddhism is

answer

life is suffering

question

The holiest city in islam is

answer

mecca

question

before 600 CE the arab people were united primarily by

answer

a shared language and poetic idiom

question

before muhammad arabia was

answer

inhibited by settled farmers and merchants alongside nomadic herdsmen

question

The muslim believes in all of the following except

answer

baptism

question

the faith that had the least influence of islam was

answer

hinduism

question

which of the following is not a prophet recognized by the Qur'an as having come before muhammad

answer

augustine

question

what is the main message of the Qur'an

answer

social justice and obedient worship and demanded of every human reject idolatrous worship of false gods submit oneself completely to gods will (all of above)

question

jihad is considered by some to be one of the pillars of islam; it is best defined as

answer

a just and holy war

question

in islam the umma is best defined as

answer

community of faithful

question

in the Qur'an women have the right to

answer

own property

question

in Islam the term caliph means

answer

successor of muhammad

question

the muslim rulers who made the office of caliph hereditary and moved the capital from mecca to Damascus

answer

Umayyads

question

those scholars who acted as judges and guardians of muslin conscience were known as

answer

ulama

question

non arab converts to islam

answer

were considered clients and had a protected placed in the diwan

question

christian, jewish, and zoroastrian minorities under islamic rule

answer

were forced to pay a non muslim head tax

question

the major splits that occurred in islam in the century after muhammads death revolved around the issues of

answer

what was the nature of the community of faith and who should lead it

question

in general the sunni branch of islam has

answer

taken the most inclusive approach to defining membership in the muslim community of faith

question

the move of the islamic capital to bagdad under the high caliphate brought more political infuence to which group

answer

persians

question

the mamluks were

answer

slave soldiers primarily of turkish origin

question

which of the following did not contribute to the fragmentation of the muslim world after 800 CE

answer

the collapse of trade and commerce int he empire

question

europeans were able to conquer the empires of the americas relatively easily for all of the following reasons except

answer

the rulers in the americas lacked technology

question

scholars generally believed that human beings first came to populate the american continents by immigrating

answer

across a natural bridge from siberia into alaska

question

difficulties confront scholars trying to understand the ancient civilizations of the americas because

answer

andean civilizations never developed writing

question

christopher columbus and other early explorers

answer

beleived they had reached the east indies

question

mesoamerica extends from

answer

central mexico into central america

question

metallurgy came early to

answer

andean civilizations

question

the staple crops that were domesticated during the archaic period in mesoamerican history were

answer

maize and beans

question

the people of the americas most likely never developed the wheel because they

answer

had no large draft animals

question

the mesoamerican calender is based on

answer

two interlocking solar cycles

question

the maya were primarily located in the

answer

yucatan rain forest

question

the pyramid of the sun is closely associated with which civilization

answer

teotihuacan

question

recently historians have learned more about the maya civilization because of

answer

their ability to decipher mayan writing

question

the name of modern day mexico comes from the term used by which of the following people to refer to themselves

answer

aztec

question

the aztecs acquired their wealth from

answer

earlier mesoamerican people they conquered

question

one of the main purposes for the aztecs frequent wars was to

answer

get prisoners to use in religious sacrifice

question

itzcoatl was important to aztec civilization because he was

answer

the ruler who established the aztecs imperial ideology

question

a central feature of aztec religion and politcal ideology was the belief in

answer

human sacrifice

question

many peoples subjected to the aztecs were willing to support cortes because of

answer

all the above

question

the peoples of which one of the following cultures did not participate in practice of human sacrifice

answer

none! all of them do

question

when fransisco pizarro arrived in 1532 the incan empire was

answer

one of the largest states in the world

question

the revival of the empire enacted by otto the first

answer

consolidated greater imperial power, led to revival of the influence of the church and created new towns

question

The Cluny reform movement sought to

answer

remove the clergy from royal authority strengthen the powers of the holy roman emperor

question

the group that benefited the most from the investiture controversy was

answer

the regional princes and great lords in the holy roman empire

question

one of the most important results of the crusades was that

answer

trade the cultural exchanges with asia were encouraged

question

perhaps the most index of popular piety and support for the popes in the high middle ages was

answer

the response to the church call for crusades to liberate the holy land

question

all of the following constituted significant parts of the medieval social order except

answer

slaves

question

the most common role for women in the european middle ages was

answer

blue collar worker

question

the earliest european universities appeared in

answer

italy france and spain

question

the magna carta is cosidered the cornerstone of modern english laws because it

answer

set limits on royal power and insured the right of representation to certain groups in society

question

gothic architecture displayed all of the following characteristics except

answer

rounded arches

question

the hundred years war was

answer

fought by the feudal monarchs of england and france

question

which of the following was not a cause of the black death

answer

pollution of the water supply of the major cities of italy

question

the black death resulted in all of the following except

answer

greater equality between mean and women

question

unam sanctam was a

answer

statement of papal power issued by boniface VII

question

the great schism

answer

resulted in rival popes supported by competing alliances of european states

question

which of the following was not a feature of the 14th century crisis in medieval europe

answer

intellectual doubt produced by the discovery of the americans

question

one of the dominant features of renaissance thought was a

answer

study of ancient greek and roman culture

question

renaissance humanists are best described as

answer

advocates of a liberal arts program of study

question

the dominant family of renaissance florence was the

answer

medici

question

petrarch, dante, and boccacio were

answer

humanist literary figures

question

leonardo da vinci and michelangelo personified the renaissance ideal or reniassance man meaning someone who

answer

practiced and excelled in a variety of activities or crafts

question

spain unified when the following monarch married

answer

ferdinand and isabella

question

the records of ancient matter were

answer

among the earliest japanese accounts of its own history

question

the basic unit of yamato aristocratic society was

answer

the extended family or clan

question

confucianism and buddhism both arrived in japan in what century

answer

6th century CE

question

shinto in the japanese language means

answer

the way of the gods

question

the shinto religion of japan is best described as

answer

a type of animistic nature worship

question

the twin centers of japanese culutre in the Nara and Heian periods were

answer

buddhist monasteries and the imperial court

question

japanese government during the Nara and Heian periods differed from china becasue

answer

all of the above

question

samurai warriors were recruited from

answer

the local nobility

question

in the Nara and Heian eras the most militarized region of japan was

answer

the eastern regions, which were the staging ground for campaigns against tribal peoples in the north

question

the most important clan that became preeminent from 986-1086 was the

answer

fujiwara

question

in general the aristocratic culture of Nara and Heian japan was

answer

remote from and scornful of lower class popular culture

question

from the Nara period to the 19 th century most histories of japan were written in

answer

chinese

question

Kana can best be define as

answer

a syllabic scrpt used to express japanese language

question

the first writers of japanese literature in the japanese languages were

answer

women

question

the most important attraction of buddhism to ordinary japanese during the nara and heian eras was its

answer

colorful and elaborate rituals

question

the two great new buddhist sects of the heian era were

answer

tendai and shingon

question

which of the following is a characteristic of early shinto

answer

the importance of sacrifices when calling upon the gods

question

how was the second invasion of japan by the mongols of kubai khan repulsed

answer

a powerful storm or divine wind sank much of the invasion fleet

question

the daimyo were

answer

powerful regional warlords who ruled much of the Japanese countryside

Civilization: The Punic Wars, the Primary Cause of The Great Schism, the Cluny Reform – Flashcards

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