question

The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to _____.

answer

the presence of multiple witnesses (Bystander Effect)

question

Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______.

answer

public; women; men

question

The war in Iraq, the design of the ship Titanic, and the Challenger disaster are all given in the textbook as examples of

answer

groupthink.

question

Attitudes

answer

are learned through experiences and contact with others.

question

People can reduce cognitive dissonance by

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forming new cognitions to justify their behavior.

question

Scapegoats are

answer

typically weaker members of the out-group.

question

Strategies for overcoming prejudice include

answer

"jigsaw classroom"/"overall goal" oriented education and equal status contact.

question

The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study

answer

highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people.

question

In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to

answer

give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task.

question

A person demanding _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change.

answer

obedience

question

In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level.

answer

61 and 66

question

A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through

answer

persuasion.

question

_____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude.

answer

Prejudice; discrimination

question

The formation of in-groups and out-groups

answer

begins in childhood.

question

The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is

answer

stereotype vulnerability.

question

According to Sternberg, love consists of intimacy, passion, and

answer

commitment.

question

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that companionate love consists of

answer

intimacy and commitment.

question

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love says that romantic love consists of

answer

intimacy and passion

question

_______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility.

answer

Diffusion of responsibility

question

Studies have found that the _____ is particularly active when people have made a decision that reduces dissonance and then acted on that decision.

answer

left frontal cortex

question

If your roommate asks you for a ride to campus and you agree, and then the next day asks if he can borrow your car, it is an example of the

answer

foot-in-the-door technique.

question

Cindy tastes peas for the first time and realizes she does not like them. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of

answer

direct contact.

question

Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. Marco is using an example of

answer

situational cause.

question

Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

proximity/mere exposure effect

question

Karen intentionally tries to hurt Lisa by spreading rumors about her. Karen is engaging in

answer

aggression.

question

Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. This is an example of

answer

altruism.

question

People who are in a good mood are less likely to help if

answer

helping will destroy their good mood.

question

Zimbardo's prison guard experiment supports the idea that

answer

taking on particular social roles can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior.

question

_______ love, based on many years of shared responsibilities and experiences, is what binds many marriages together.

answer

Companionate

question

When one person meets another person for the first time, ________ occurs.

answer

impression formation

question

In the Latane and Darley smoke-filled room study, participants were most likely to report the smoke when

answer

they were the only ones in the room.

question

Research suggests a relationship between the social network sites particular students use and their

answer

ethnicity.

question

When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called

answer

discrimination.

question

_________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression.

answer

Testosterone

question

_________ is common in college settings, where students and instructors from many different backgrounds live, work, and study together.

answer

Intergroup contact

question

Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is

answer

planning a course of action.

question

Julie is a psychologist involved in figuring out how to get people to purchase a certain brand of computer. Julie is involved in

answer

consumer psychology.

question

If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is

answer

more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking.

question

Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Harry's belief is based on

answer

implicit personality theory.

question

Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. Chris is showing

answer

compliance.

question

When parents tell their children that smoking cigarettes is dangerous and unhealthy, and the children develop negative attitudes toward smoking, it is an example of

answer

direct instruction.

question

A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message.

answer

central-route processing

question

Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. Carol is showing

answer

obedience.

question

The door-in-the-face technique involves

answer

asking for a large commitment and then, after being refused, asking for a smaller commitment.

question

When trying to persuade an audience, the message should

answer

present both sides of the argument.

question

As we interact with others on a daily basis, our behavior, feelings, and thoughts are often guided by

answer

social influence.

question

Groupthink can be minimized by

answer

voting by secret ballot

question

Studies have found that in civil suits, if individual members of the jury favor stiff penalties, the deliberation process will result in even higher penalties. This illustrates

answer

group polarization.

question

Fritz Heider developed _______ to explain why people choose the particular explanations of behavior that they do.

answer

attribution theory

question

In Milgram's obedience experiment, no "teacher" stopped administering electric shock to the "learner" before

answer

300 volts.

question

In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color.

answer

discrimination

question

Sigmund Freud believed that aggression is

answer

a basic human instinct.

question

The ABC Model of Attitudes includes

answer

Affect, Behavior, and Cognition.

question

In Milgram's study, as the teachers became reluctant to continue, the experimenter

answer

told them that they had to continue.

question

The "jigsaw classroom"

answer

is a technique that gives each individual only part of the information needed to solve a problem, so they must work with others to find the solution

question

In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. This is an example of which rule of attraction?

answer

reciprocity

question

The that's-not-all technique activates

answer

the norm of reciprocity.

question

Sheri's coworker, Stephanie, is extremely scared of spiders and screams every time she sees one in the warehouse. After a few weeks of working closely with Stephanie in the warehouse, Sheri is scared of spiders, too. This is

answer

vicarious conditioning.

question

Studies have shown that when participants "shock" a virtual human on the computer,

answer

they have the same emotional responses as if it were a real person.

question

Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved

answer

asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room.

question

Assigning a person you have just met to a category based on characteristics they have in common with other people or groups whom you have had prior experience with is called

answer

social categorization.

question

Some research suggests that ______ is one of the main factors that influence people's choices for selecting people they want to know better.

answer

physical attractiveness

question

According to the ________, people either expand on what they hear or they pay attention to surface characteristics of persuasive messages.

answer

elaboration likelihood model

question

In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is

answer

the actor-observer bias.

question

Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. Nicole will probably experience

answer

cognitive dissonance.

question

According to your textbook, the _____ theory explains prejudice and discrimination between the Nazi soldiers and Jewish people during WWII.

answer

realistic conflict

question

The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because

answer

some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion.

question

Studies have shown that when a person is happy in a marriage, they attribute ________ to dispositional cause.

answer

their spouse's positive actions

question

Jackie is assigned to a group project. It is in her best subject, and she finds the material easy. Jackie will probably experience

answer

social loafing.

question

The fundamental attribution error is less likely

answer

in collectivist cultures.

question

Studies have shown more conformity

answer

in collectivist cultures.

question

According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others.

answer

social identity

question

Lapier's study

answer

he travelled with a Chinese man and woman for 2 years. He disappeared for interactions, and only once was someone discriminatory. He contacted the establishments later and asked if they would serve Chinese, and 92% said no. Attitudes didn't match behavior.

question

Self-presentation

answer

The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals

question

AB problem

answer

The problem of inconsistency between attitudes (A) and behaviors (B)

question

Halo/Horns effect

answer

Assuming positive/negative traits based on levels of attractiveness.

question

The fundamental attribution error (FAE)

answer

We have an extreme tendency to make dispositional judgements (Castro Essays, friendly/unfriendly student)

question

Defensive attribution

answer

The tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that one feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way.

question

self-serving bias

answer

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting blame for failures on external factors.

question

Social Identity

answer

an individual's sense of him/herself based on group membershi

question

Social Comparison

answer

Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.

question

Counterfactuals

answer

Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. Affects measures of satisfactions (ex: bronze medalists happier than silver medalists).

question

Forbidden Fruit

answer

The forbidding message that causes people to want that thing more. The more powerful the source, the more powerful the drive.

question

self-fulfilling prophecy

answer

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment.

question

matching hypothesis

answer

we look for mates with with similar attractiveness

question

Attitude alignment

answer

attraction causes similarity as couples who stay together move closer together

question

Romantic Ideals

answer

Idealizing partners, and focus on virtue, particularly in the beginning of a relationship.

question

aggression

answer

behavior intended to hurt or destroy another person linked to the amygdala, limbic system, testosterone, and serotonin. aggression actually causes less aggression, and media causes more.

question

Zimbardo Study

answer

prisoner and guard study at stanford.

Ciccarelli Psychology, Chapter 12 Study Plan – Flashcards

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