Chpt. 19 – A History of World Societies – 10th edition. – Flashcards
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Copernican Hypothesis
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The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe
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Law of inertia
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A law formulated by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
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Law of universal gravitation
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Newtons laws that all objects are at texted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
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Empiricism
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A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation.
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Enlightenment
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An intellectual and cultural movement in the late 17tj century and 18th century in Europe and its colonies that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial differences.
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Sensationalism
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An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions.
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Philosophes
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A group of tench intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the age of enlightenment.
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Deism
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Belief In a distant, noninterventionist deity, shared by many enlightenment thinkers.
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General Will
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A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all people, who have replaced the power of the monarch.
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Economic Liberalism
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The theory, associated with Adam smith, that the pursuit of self interest in a competitive market sufficed to improve living conditions, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable.
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Enlightened Absolutism
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Term coined by historians to decide the rule of the 18th century monarchs who without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress and tolerance.
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Haskalah
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A newish enlightenment movement led by Prussia philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
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Enclosure
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The controversial process of fending off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers access to land.
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Cottage Industry
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Manufacturing with hand tools in lessens cottages and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in 18th century Europe.
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Public Sphere
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An idealized intellectual spade that emerged in Europe during the enlightenment. Here, the public came together to discuss important social and political issues.
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Salons
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Regular social gatherings held by talented and Rick Parisian women in their homes, where philosophers and their followers met to discuss literature, science and philosophy.
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Renaissance
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1400's-1500's: rebirth of antiquities and values of knowledge.
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Scientific Revolution
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Development In science, significant infielder on European intellectual culture.
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Geocentric Model
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Aristotle (300 BC) believed everything revolved around the earth.
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Copernican Hypothesis
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Heliocentric Model. Didn't reveal his findings until the year of his death because he didn't want to be ridiculed by colleagues.
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Kepler
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Three laws of planetary motion. Orbits are elliptical, planets move at different speeds and orbit time is related to the distance of sun.
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Encyclopedie
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Rational dictionary of science and arts. Catholic and France didn't want it printed.
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Brahe
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Royal astronomer. Observation and data collector. Drunk and ate himself to death.
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Galileo
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Supported by the Medicis. Law of inertia. Put under house arrest.
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Isaac Newton
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Father of modern physics. Law of universal gravitation. Wrote "Principia".
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Baron
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Empiricism. All knowledge is gained through the senses.
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Rene Descartes
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Rationalism. I think Therefore I am.
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Vesalius
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Dissecting a human body (1543).
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Immanuel Kant
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German philosopher, "Century of Light". Dare to know.
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John Locke
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Essay on Human Understanding. 1690, Tabula Rasa.
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Montesquieu
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Decoration of powers. "The Sprit of Laws".
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Candide
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Voltaire, Deism. God is a clockmaker.
