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Classical conditioning

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Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response

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Operant conditioning

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Better explains voluntary behaviors, the Consequences of a behavior change the probability of what behaviors occurrence, organisms learn the association between a behavior and the consequences such as a reward

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Learning

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A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

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Behavioralism

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A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of mental activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping

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Associative learning

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Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events

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Observational learning

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Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior

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Unconditioned stimulus

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A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning

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Unconditioned response

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And unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned stimulus

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A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus

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Conditioned response

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A learned response to the condition stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus unconditioned stimulus pairing

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Reflexes

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Are such automatic stimulus response connections

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Acquisition

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The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the condition stimulus when these two stimuli are paired

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Generalization (in classical conditioning)

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The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original condition stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

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Discrimination (in classical conditioning)

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The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others

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Extinction(in classical conditioning)

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The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent

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Spontaneous recovery

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The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning

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Renewal

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The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel contacts

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Aversive conditioning

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A form of treatment that consist of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus

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Counterconditioning

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A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and it's conditioned response

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Habituation

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Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation

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Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning

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A form of associative learning in which the consequence of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence

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Law of effect

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Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weekend

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Shaping

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Refers to rewarding successive approximations of the desired behavior

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Reinforcement

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The process by which a stimulus or event (A reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again

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Positive reinforcement

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The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of the behavior

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Negative reinforcement

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The removal of the stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior

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Avoidance learning

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An organisms learning that he can't altogether ovoid and negative stimulus by making a particular response

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Learned helplessness

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An organisms learning through experience with negative stimuli that has no control over negative outcomes

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Primary reinforcer

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A reinforcer that is innately satisfying One that does not take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable. Innately rewarding (food, water, sex)

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Secondary reinforcer

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A reinforcer that acquires it's positive value through an organisms experience a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer

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Generalization in operant conditioning

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Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation

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Discrimination in operant conditioning

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Responding appropriately to stimuli that signaled that a behavior will or will not be reinforced

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Continuous reinforcement

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In which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. Gain their incentive value by being associated with primary reinforcers

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Extinction in operant conditioning

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Decreasing in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced

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Schedules of reinforcement

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Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced

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Punishment

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A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

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Positive punishment

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The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

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Negative punishment

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The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior

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Applied behavior analysis or behavior modification

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Do use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior

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Observational learning

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Also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behaviors

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Latent learning or implicit learning

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Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior

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Insight learning

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A form of problem-solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem solution

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Instinctive drift

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The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning

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Preparedness

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The species specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others

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Prepared associations

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Events that are quickly associated

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Contraprepared associations

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Events that cannot be Learned

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Unprepared associations

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Can be learned through many trials

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Biological constraints

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Limits on the capacity to learn

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Social conformity

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Tendency to adopt the behavior of the group

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Vicarious reinforcement

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We will perform behaviors that we have observed having been reinforced

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Self reinforcement

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Internal regulation

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Insight learning

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Lightbulb affect, AHA moment

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Variable ratio schedule

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A timetable in which behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis. Produce high steady rate of behavior that are more resistant to extinction then the other three schedules

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