question

Ashton wants to study butterflies using the scientific method. Which of these represents a step, or steps, in the scientific method?

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(D) Ashton has performed steps in the scientific method with each of these activities.

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Joaquin has been assigned a primary research project in his psychology class. He is to observe student behavior during a learning task and attempt to form a/an _____. In order to do this, he must be able to articulate a broad idea that describes principles and events, and how they may be related.

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hypothesis

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A theory can be defined as

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the basis for relationships among facts and principles

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What, if anything, is wrong with overgeneralizing the findings of a study that has a very small sample size

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The people in the sample may all share a characteristic that does not generalize to a larger population.

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Allie has developed a theory concerning test grades. She believes that there is a relationship between her study frequency and the resulting grade. In order to test her theory, she would first develop a

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hypothesis

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It has been proposed that students have difficultly returning to their academic schedule after a holiday or break. Specifically, it has been predicted that there will be more student absences on the Monday following spring break than on the Friday prior to spring break. The first statement describes the _______________, while the second is the

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theory; hypothesis

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Confidentiality requires that

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data from a study is stored without names attached

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Which of the following provides an objective, detailed description of how a variable is measured and observed in a particular study?

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The operational definition

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Archival research, naturalistic observation, survey research, and case studies are

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descriptive research methods

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Kevin had completed his first day of naturalistic observation of adolescents at the local high school but he was concerned about the difference his presence in the classrooms made on adolescent behavior. This is an important issue since, in truly naturalistic research, researchers

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must not change the situation

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"This cannot be the real opinion of the entire student body! She didn't ask me!" Haley complained. Her psychology teacher explained that

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a representative sample of responses can indicate the view of the majori

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The smaller the standard deviation, the less variability in a dataset. A small standard deviation indicates that, on average,

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scores are close to the mean

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A history class has agreed to be subjects of research for psychology students. Half of the class has been asked to study for the next test while listening to classical music. The remaining students were asked to study in a silent environment. The test scores of the two groups will be compared. ______ is the dependent variable.

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The test scores

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A correlation coefficient indicates a(n) ______ between two variables.

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relationship

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Scientists conducted a study involving two variables. Their research indicated a strong positive correlation between the two variables. This means that

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as one variable increases, the other also increases

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Professor Jordan has suggested to his students that a correlation exists between the number of hours spent in serious study and one's grade on the final exam. He would like his students to improve their test scores by increasing study time. The professor is describing a

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positive correlation

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"The problem with drinking coffee in the evening," complained Saundra, "is that it interferes with my ability to fall asleep. My mind keeps racing, but my body is so tired!" Saundra recognizes _____ between caffeine intake and sleep.

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negativte corr

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The tendency to overgeneralize about ethnic groups in research and consider ethnic groups to be more homogenous than they really are is called

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ethnic gloss

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In scientific research, the group which receives treatment is called the

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experimental group

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the group which is not subjected to the independent variable is called the

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control group

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Group A received progressive relaxation training prior to test taking, while Group B received no treatment. Group A is the _______________, while Group B is the _______________.

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experimental group; control group

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Deception in research is ethically allowed

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if the anticipated benefits outweigh the anticipated costs and participants are debriefed

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Random assignment of participants is important in order to ensure

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groups have equal and balanced composition

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A properly designed hypothesis will test the theory by predicting

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the changes in the dependent variable by the independent variable

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___________ is a method by which researchers combine results across studies to establish the strength of an effect.

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Meta-analysis

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The ethical obligation to tell participants about the study once participation in the study is complete is called

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debriefing

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Amy conducted an experiment for her psychology class using student volunteers. She collected data on their responses. When she was done collecting, she summarized her data using measures of central tendency and of dispersion. She also computed a confidence level of .001 for her results. What kind(s) of mathematical methods for reporting her data did she use?

answer

Descriptive statistics, then inferential statistics

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A team of psychology students would like to expose their classmates to an embarrassing experience in order to gather data for their term project. Their instructor has asked them to read the ethical guidelines published by the American Psychological Association. She wants them to understand tha

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participants need to be informed of the nature of the procedures before consenting

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If you take a psychological assessment test and you receive the feedback that you "scored in the 90th percentile," you most likely took a(n)

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standardized test

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A male experimenter is friendlier towards female participants than he his male participants. This is an example of

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experimenter bias

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Neither the participants nor the experimenter knew which group had received the treatment. This could be considered a

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double-blind experiment

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You believe that working women are happier than women who do not work outside the home. You predict that working women are less socially isolated than women who work at home and that this could be why they are happier. You have just formulated a(n)

answer

hypothesis

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In surveys of adolescents, adolescents claim that they begin smoking cigarettes because of peer pressure. In observing adolescent groups, however, you rarely see an adolescent offer another student a cigarette or ask another student whether they would like to smoke. You predict that peer pressure is NOT the primary reason that adolescents smoke cigarettes. You have just formulated a(n)

answer

hypothesis

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The small group of participants observed in a research study are referred to as the

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sample

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The "third variable problem" refers to

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the possibility that a variable that was not measured actually accounts for a relationship that was found

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Which of the following is an example of research using the survey method?

answer

Dr. Frank asks people how many hours of TV they watch per week

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Which of the following is a technique that would NOT fall under the survey method?

answer

observation

question

Dr. Jimand studies the adjustment of 20 Bosnian students to college life in the United States by living in the dorm and attending classes with them. Dr. Jimand is using

answer

naturalistic observation

question

The Nun Study, in which researchers followed up with a group of nuns repeatedly over the course of 20 years, is an example of what type of research?

answer

longitudinal

question

Which of the following is an example of a case study?

answer

Conducting a series of interviews over a year with a student who has an anxiety disorder

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A correlational study is used to

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determine the relationship between variables

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Ecological validity refers to

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the extent to which the validity of the study is accepted

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A variable is defined as

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anything that can change

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How is the correlational method different from naturalistic observation?

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The correlational method is not limited to real word settings.

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You want to determine the relationship between caffeine intake and performance on a mid-quarter exam. As students sit down to take the exam, you ask them to write the number of cups of tea, soda, or coffee they ingested two hours prior to the exam. You also obtain their exam scores. You calculate the correlation coefficient between the two variables to be +0.82. What can you conclude?

answer

The more caffeine students consumed, the better their scores.

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What does the size of a correlation coefficient indicate?

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The strength of the relationship

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What does the positive or negative sign of a correlation coefficient indicate?

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The direction of the relationship

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Which of the following correlation coefficients is indicative of the strongest relationship between the two variables?

answer

-.94

question

We can predict participants' scores on Variable A with perfect accuracy by knowing their scores on Variable B; and higher scores on Variable A are associated with higher scores on Variable B. What is the correlation coefficient for the correlation between Variables A and B?

answer

+1.00

question

We can predict participants' scores on Variable A with perfect accuracy by knowing their scores on Variable B; and higher scores on Variable A are associated with lower scores on Variable B. What is the correlation coefficient for the correlation between Variables A and B?

answer

-1.00

question

Professor Jacobs believes that sleep deprivation is related to conflicts between roommates. He collects data on the number of hours of sleep and the number of roommate conflicts for a group of college students over the course of a month. He obtains a correlation coefficient of What can he conclude?

answer

With fewer hours of sleep there were more conflicts.

question

You design a research study to investigate if there is a relationship between two variables that you have selected. You measure each of them without manipulating either one. If you find that Variable A is increasing at about the same rate as Variable B is increasing. What can you conclude?

answer

(D) Variable A is positively correlated with Variable B.

question

Internal validity refers to

answer

(E) the extent to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable

question

what is considered to be the minimum level of probability that scientists will accept for concluding that observed differences are real and not due to chance

answer

.05

question

what is one reason why reality TV shows do not meet ethical standards for psychological research?

answer

Are not randomly assigned.

question

Dr. Gillespie has two groups in her experiment. She places each participant in a group by flipping a coin—heads means Group A, tails means Group B. Dr. Gillespie has satisfied the requirement of

answer

random assignment

question

Participants in a study are divided into two groups, with one group receiving an experimental medication and the second group receiving a pill that looks like the experimental medication but does not actually contain medication. The group receiving the experimental medication is called the

answer

experimental group

question

In a formal experiment, the group that is NOT subjected to a treatment condition is the

answer

control

question

A researcher tells a group of participants that as part of his experiment they are going to receive "painful" electrical shocks. He tells a second group that they will receive "mild" electric shock. He asks participants in both groups whether they prefer to wait alone or with others while he sets up the shock machinery. What is the dependent variable

answer

Participants' answers to the question about waiting

question

A researcher predicted that talking to plants enhances their growth. She gave 24 plants the same amount of food, water, and sunlight. She talked to 12 of the plants daily for 6 weeks. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

answer

plant growth

question

Which of the following is an example of research participant bias?

answer

Placebo effect

question

An experimenter wants to study the relationship between caffeine and reaction time. She assigns participants as follows: Group One receives 100 milligrams of caffeine; Group Two receives 50 milligrams of caffeine; Group Three receives 25 milligrams of caffeine; Group Four receives none. Twenty minutes later all participants complete the reaction-time test. Which group is the control group?

answer

4

question

Participants in a study are sent to listen to a lecture either in a lecture hall filled with natural light or in a lecture hall with no windows and completely filled with artificial light. Before leaving the lecture, they fill out a mood survey. What is the independent variable in this study?

answer

light

question

In a formal experiment, which group is the experimental group?

answer

The group that is subjected to manipulation

question

Skinner discovered that a pigeon will peck at a button more often if the pecking is rewarded with a food pellet than if it is not rewarded at all. In Skinner's study, the amount of pecking is the

answer

dependent variable

question

Skinner discovered that a pigeon will peck at a button more often if the pecking is rewarded with a food pellet than if it is not rewarded at all. In Skinner's study, the food pellet is the

answer

independent variable

question

When considering measures of dispersion, which is the most sophisticated because it involves taking the squared deviation from the mean?

answer

Standard deviation

question

The placebo effect refers to the

answer

finding that many people feel better simply because they believe they are receiving medication

question

In a double-blind experiment,

answer

neither researchers nor participants know who is in the control or experimental group

question

When conducting an experiment, Jamie assigns everybody who arrives before noon to the treatment condition and everybody who arrives after noon to the control. What is wrong with this experiment?

answer

Assignment to conditions is not random.

question

In a formal experiment in which the treatment involves a drug (e.g., pill), the ______ group is given a(n) ______ pill to control for the fact that people may think they have received a treatment and may potentially be influenced by their expectations

answer

control; placebo

question

Mean, median, and standard deviation are examples of

answer

descriptive statistics

question

Five students had the following scores on a psychological test: 10, 10, 15, 25, and 40. The mean of these five scores is

answer

20

question

Five students had the following scores on a psychological test: 10, 10, 15, 25, and 40. The median of these five scores is

answer

15

question

The mode of a distribution of scores refers to the

answer

most common score

question

Five students had the following scores on a psychological test: 10, 10, 15, 20, and 40. The mode of these five scores is

answer

10

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