Chp 20 – Flashcard
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What were the main keyboard instruments of the Baroque Era?
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The organ, harpsichord, and clavichord.
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J.S. Bach's music included Chorale Preludes
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Short Baroque ORGAN piece in which a traditional chorale melody is embellished.
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Preludes
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Instrumental work proceeding a larger work. Seen in J.S. Bach's Keyboard music. [continuous expansion of melodic or rythmic figure]
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Fugues
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Polyphonic form popular in the Baroque era in which one or more themes are developed by imitative counterpoint. [dance pieces]
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Fugue is made of what Formal Features of Fugue?
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Thematic: Subject/answer Sections: exposition/episode
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Subject
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Main idea or theme of a work as in a fugue. [constitues the unifying idea, the focal point of interest in the contrapuntal web.] -stated alone at the beginning of the voices[SATB]
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Answer
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Second entry of the subject in the Fugue, usually pitched a fouth below or a fifth above the subject. -as it continues the main melody, the subject can continue on with a countertheme or new material.
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Exposition
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Opening section of the Fugue. Its the first section in the fugue in which the voices enter in turn with the subject finally ends. its The first section in which the major Thematic material is stated[statement]. -from then on it alternates between sections that feature entrances of the subject and 'episodes'.
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Episodes
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Interlude or intermediate section in the Baroque fugue that serves as an area of relaxation between statements of the subject.
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What is Bach's most famous collection of Preludes and Fugues?
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"Well Tempered Clavier" "The Art of Fugue" was his last and most comprehensive example of contrapuntal writing.
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Ground Bass
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A repeating melody, ususally in the bass, throughout a vocal or instrumental composition.
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Harpsichord
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Early baroque keyboard instrument in which the strings are plucked by quills instead of being struck with hammers like the piano.
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Keyboards built in the Baroque era divided into 2 categories:
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1. those built on harmony with a strong element of improvisation. & 2. those based on strict forms of counterpoint, such as the fugue.
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Passacaglia
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Baroque form in moderately slow triple-meter, based on a short, repeated base-line (ground base) melody that serves as the basis for continuous varitaion in the other voices.
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Chaconne
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Baroque form similar to the passacagliam in which variations are based on a repeated harmonic chord progression. [i.e. pachelbel canon in D]
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Augmentation
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Statement of a melody in longer note values, often twice as slow as the original.
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Diminution
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Statement of a melody in shorter note values, often twice as fast as the original.
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Retrograde
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Backward statement of Melody.
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Inversion
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Mirror or upside-down image of a melody or a pattern, found in fugues and twelve-tone compositions.
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Retrograde Inversion
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Mirror image and backward statement of melody.
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Stretto
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In a fugue, when entries of the subject occur as faster intervals of time, so that they overlap forming dense, imitative counterpoint. Occurs at the climatic movement near the end.
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Opera seria
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Tragic Italian 'opera.'
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Opera buffa
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Italian comic opera, sung throughout.
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Rococo
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A term for the visual arts that is frequently applied to the 18th Century French-music. characterized by simplicity, grace, and delicate ornamentation.
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"Sentimental" Style
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Germanic "sensitive" style; expressed natural feelings-marked first stirrings of a direct and natural expression that flowered fully with Romanticism.
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Keyboard Forms (5)
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1. Passicaglia 2. Chaconne 3. Prelude 4. Toccata 5. Fugue
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Toccata
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Keyboard style; improvisatory; free-formed with usually harpsichord and organ.
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Contrapuntal Devices (5)
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1.Augmentation 2. Diminution 3. Retrograde 4. Inversion 5. Stretto
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Basso Continuo
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Serves as supporting foundation for most of the Baroque Music.
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Baroque Instruments 2 sections:
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1. Chordal [Harpsichord, organ, lute] 2. Melodic Bass [Cello, Violone, Viola de Gamba, Bassoon]
