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Inflation

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A sudden rise in prices

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Expelled

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Driven out; forced to leave into exile

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Centralized

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To bring under one control

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Divine

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Of, from, or God or a god

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Restoration Period

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The monarchy is restored with Charles II Parliament had regained their powers losted with Oliver Cormwell

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Louis XIV

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Reigned during the fighting between the Catholics and the Huguenots He is known as the most powerful monarch in history Weaakens the nobility by removing them from councils Revots the Edict of Nantes Supports the Arts France became too powerful in the means

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English Civil War

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Fighting done between the Round-heads and the Royalists Royalist supported the king Round-heads supported the parliamentary

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Czar

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A person appointed by government to advise on and coordinate policy in a particular area.

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Boyar

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A member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince.

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Puritans

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A member of the the English Protestants who believed in the simpler versions or the original forms of worship Believed that the Church of England needed to become more Protestant

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Cavalivers

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Royalists or supporters of king Charles

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Roundheads

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Supporters of the parliamentary Offended by the Stuart dynasty

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Cardinal Mazarin

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Richelieu's successor as chief minister for the four-year-old Louis XIV. Strengthened centralized power and rasied taxes "I am the State"

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Natural Rights

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Rights that one is born with includes life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

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Heretic

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One who doesn't conform to the established doctrine

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Absolutism

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A political system in which a ruler holds absolute or total power

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Philip II

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Devout Catholic Believed that it was his duty to turn all nations back to Catholicism Worked to destroy Protestantism

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Mary ofs and William of Orange

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Invited to rule by Parliament Ruled under the Constitution of England Ruled under the Bill of Rights Reigned for the Glorious Reevoultion

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Queen Elizabeth

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Last of the Tutor dynasty Created a new Act of Supremacy naming her the sole ruler of both church and state Ensure that neither France or Spain became to powerful and if that was to happen England would support the weaker country

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Armada

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A fleet or warships

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English Sea Dogs

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An old or experienced sailor (Under Queen Elizabeth)

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Moors

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Spanish Muslims

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Huguenots

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French Protestants who are influenced by Calvinist ideals

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Jean Baptiste Colbert

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Was the Minister of Finances of France Under the wing of Louis XIV Belived in the theory of mercantilism Allowed France to be self-suffcient Gave incentives to French companies (government funds and tax breaks) Believed in the use of raw materials

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Prince Henry of Navarre IV

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Becomes king of France Converts to Catholicism to please the masses Set up religious tolerance; Edict of Nantes St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

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Edict of Nantes

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States Catholicism as the official religion of France Gave Huguenots the right of free worship and the ability to hold political privileges

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Louis XII

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Influenced by Richelieu to exult the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. Established absolute rule.

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Cardinal Richelieu

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Ruled with Louis XIII Weaken the nobility Increase the power of government agents Weaken the Hapsburg

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Thirty Years War

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Fighting that took place within the Holy Roman Empire Catholics vs. Protestants The Peace of Westphalia

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Mannerism

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An artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

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Hapsburg

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Royal German family Ruled Austria through Frederick III Contained many lands throughout England making them a political threat Spainsh Hapsburg and Austrian Hapsburg

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Peace of Westphalia

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Gave Sweden, France and its allies new territories The Holy Roman Empire was divided into over 300 independent states Ended the Thirty Years War

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Skeptics

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Held the idea that nothing in life could never be known for ceratin

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Montaigne

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The finest representative of early modern skepticism. Created a new genre, the essay.

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Descartes

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A french philosopher known to have believed in more than the souls or mind of the person. Meditiation on First Philosophy Introduced the Scienitifc Method

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Discuss Elizabeth's policies in England?

answer

Stated that England would support any nation either France or Spain in the event that one becomes more powerful than the other Stated that she is the sole ruler of both the church and state

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What role did Spain play in religious conflict?

answer

Since it was said that God chose Spain to save Catholicism from Protestantism, Spain continuously got involved into attempting to bring other nations back to Catholicism.

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Why was Philip II called "the Most Catholic King"?

answer

There was a belief that Philip II was to return all nations to back Catholicism Spain was chosen by God to save Catholicism Was a said that Philip succeeded in all matters that included Catholicism

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What was the significance of the defeat of the Spanish Armada?

answer

This showed how even though Spain was the most populous that real political power moved to England and France Spain was a false image of power

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What fueled the French Civil Wars of the sixteenth century?

answer

The fighting between Huguenots vs. Catholics The wanting to overthrow the French monarchy

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What triggered the French Wars of Religion?

answer

The fight for power between Catholics and Protestants. With a Cathollic king interfering with Protestant by

question

How was Europe affected by social crisis in the 17th century?

answer

While the reforms of Christianity where taken place a religious zeal went around about the practices of witchcraft. The Inquisition believed that it was their responsibility to get rid of these heretics so many commoners where accused of black magic.

question

What were the cause and effects of the Thirty Year's War?

answer

Cause: Fighting between the Protestants and Catholics Effects: Sweden France and its allies gained territories The Holy Roman Empire was divided into over 300 independent states The Peace of Westphalia

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Thomas Hobbes

answer

Believed how human beings can live together in peace and avoid the danger and fear of civil conflict. Believed that we should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign (a person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Otherwise what awaits us is a "state of nature" that closely resembles civil war - a situation of universal insecurity, where all have reason to fear violent death and where rewarding human cooperation is all but impossible.

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John Locke

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Opposed the Divine Right of Kings Believed in Natural Rights "The Social Contract"- the country is made by the people and is for the people and the people have the power to overthrow a corrupt government.

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Oliver Cromwell

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Employed by the parliamentary to control the actions of the king Took the orders to far into the extent that he kills Charles I Puts England into a military state and creating commonwealth New Model Army

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Charles I of England

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Son of James I Believes in the divine right of kings Forced by Parliament to sign the Petition of Right (Ignores after a while that is when Cromwell comes in the picture)

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Peter the Great

answer

Russian tsar Introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite Moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Russia was cut off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploartion Adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity

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Junker

answer

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

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Glorious Revolution

answer

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

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Charles II of England

answer

Was the son of Charles I Called by Parliament to restore the monarchy after Oliver Cromwell

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Baroque

answer

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

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Bach

answer

Renowned organist as well as a composer He composed his Mass in B Minor and other works One of the greatest composers of all time.

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Handel

answer

Wrote secular music but best known for religious works Messiah- one of the best pieces of work one was to know

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Shakespeare

answer

A master of the English language, Brought many new words into common usage. Wrote over 150 sonn ets, a type of poetry popular during the Elizabethan era. He had a keen insight into human psychology in his tragedies, comedies, and histories.

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Cervantes

answer

Don Quixote In the two main characters of this famous work, Cervantes presented the dual nature of the Spanish character. The knight, Don Quixote from La Mancha, is the visionary so involved in his lofty ideals that he does not see the hard realities around him. In contrast, the knight's fat and earthy squire, Sancho Panza, is a realist. Each of these characters finally comes to see the value of the other's perspective.

question

Elizabethan Era

answer

Associated with Queen Elizabeth I reign Considered to be the golden age in English history; authors include Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Spenser

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Petition of Right

answer

Signed by Charles I. Clauses: No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peace time. Limited his power as a king

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James II of England

answer

Was an avowed Catholic and he had violated the Test Act; The king was suspending that law at will and appeared to be reviving the absolutism of his father and grandfather.

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New Model Army

answer

The disciplined fighting force of Protestants led by Oliver Cromwell in the English civil war.

question

How did disagreements over rule between the Stuarts and Parliament lead to the English Civil War?

answer

James II refuses to undertake a Puritan reform Starts to ignore the Petition of Right Continued the idea of the divine right of kings Problem: Parliament was made up mostly of Puritans

question

What were the causes and effects of the Glorious Revolution?

answer

A revolt against then king of England, King James II as he was trying to use his power to establish a Catholic dynasty Parliament didn't want that so they invite Mary and William, James daughter and son-in-law, to ensure that England remains under a Protestant dynasty

question

In what important way was the monarchy of William and Mary different from the previous Stuart monarchy?

answer

When both William and Mary was invited to take the throne, they agreed to run England as a dual monarchy and to rule with the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to ensure their rule wouldn't ended up as monarchies.

question

What do Articles III and IV of the Petition demand of the king? What reasons or justifications does the Petition give for making this demand?

answer

That he had no right to take away any freedoms or property that was owned in their name

question

Why is the reign of Louis XIV regarded as the best example of absolutism in the 17th century?

answer

France's culture, language, and manners reached into all levels of European society. French diplomacy and wars dominated the political affairs of Europe. The court of Louis XIV was imitated throughout Europe.

question

How is Louis XIV reign as king of France successful or unsuccessful?

answer

Since many nations copied the example lead by Louis the XIV, and was able monitor any the upper class to ensure that no conspiracies were being made Louis XIV was easily able to control France without interference.

question

How did Prussia and Austria emerged as great powers in the 17th century?

answer

After the Thirty Years War the holy Roman Empire was split into more than 300 independent states which allowed both Prussia and Austria to rise and take over with now additional territory in Germany because it is unable to reunite it self again for another 200 years.

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Why didn't the Austrian monarchy become a absolutism state?

answer

Because they contained so many different national groups it was difficult to unify it as one nation without conflict.

question

How did Russia emerged as a powerful state under Peter the Great?

answer

By introducing the ideals of Western countries, Peter the Great was able to create Russia into one of the leading powers in military and in technology. The Russian people were able to generate a different point of view from those who in less contact with Western ideals

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Westernization

answer

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western European countries.

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Police State

answer

A country in which the government has total control over the people using the police

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Abdicate

answer

To give up a position, right, or power

question

Romanovs

answer

Russian dynasty Started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917. Took over after the death of Ivan IV

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Prussia

answer

A former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

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Anarchy

answer

A state of society without government or law.

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Mary (Tudor dynasty)

answer

Refered as Bloody Mary Daughter King Herny XIII

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Spanish War of Suceession

answer

Louis XIV grandson was next in line to rule Spain as the death of Charles II dies He is also the great grandson of Philip IV The problem was if Philip was gain the thorne then France and Spain would become dual and great conqureing power Philip was not ALLOWED to gain the throne if and only if both throne were not able to unite Great Britian become out successful got granteed an Asiento

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Modern State system

answer

Recongnized Europe as a group of equal independent states The formation as countries

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Russia

answer

Mostly isolated; went thourgh problems after Europe went through them

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Ivan IV

answer

The First Czar Executed many boyars Married Anastasia Romanov

Chp.18 Conflict and Absolutism in Europe – Flashcards

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