Children and Their Development (Kail Ch 9) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
A system that relates sounds (or gestures) to meaning
answer
Language
question
The sounds of a language
answer
Phonology
question
The study of words and their meanings.
answer
Semantics
question
The rules used to describe the structure of a language.
answer
Grammar
question
The rules that specify how words are combined to form sentences.
answer
Syntax
question
The study of how people use language to communicate.
answer
Pragmatics
question
The unique sounds that can be joined to form words that are the basic building blocks of language.
answer
Phonemes
question
The type of speech in which adults speak slowly with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness.
answer
Infant-Directed Speech
question
Vowel-like sounds that are produced by young babies
answer
Cooing
question
Speech-like sounds that have no meaning but consist of a consonant and vowel combined.
answer
Babbling
question
A pattern of rising or falling pitch
answer
Intonation
question
A language learning style in which children's vocabularies are dominated by the names of objects, persons, or actions.
answer
Referential Style
question
A language learning style in which children's vocabularies include some names but many social phrases that are used like a single word.
answer
Expressive Style
question
A period of time when children learn new words at a very rapid pace.
answer
Naming Explosion
question
Children's ability to make connections between new words and referents so rapidly that they cannot be considering all possible meaning for the new word.
answer
Fast Mapping
question
A common mistake in early word learning in which children define a word too broadly.
answer
Overextension
question
The ability to remember speech sounds briefly
answer
Phonological Memory
question
A common mistake in early word learning in which children define a word too narrowly
answer
Underextension
question
Speech that consists only of words that are directly relevant to meaning
answer
Telegraphic Speech
question
Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
answer
Grammatical Morphemes
question
Applying grammatical rules to words that are exceptions to the rule.
answer
Overregularization
question
View that children are born knowing that nouns usually refer to people or objects and that verbs are actions; they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules.
answer
Semantic Bootstrapping Theory
question
The term phonology refers to the
answer
sounds of a language
question
The term semantics refers to the
answer
study of words and their meanings.
question
Grammar refers to the
answer
rules used to describe the structure of a language.
question
The basic building blocks of language that are used to form words are called
answer
phonemes
question
Infants who are younger than 6 months of age
answer
do not need to experience speech sounds in their environments to be able to discriminate them.
question
When 7-to 8-month-olds hear a word repeatedly in different sentences, later they
answer
pay more attention to that word than to words they haven't heard previously.
question
Young infants seem to identify words by paying
answer
more attention to stressed syllables rather than unstressed syllables.
question
Which of the following is true of infant-directed speech?
answer
Infant-directed speech seems to attract the infant's attention.
question
Mario Svirsky and his colleagues studied the impact on language development of cochlear implants in profoundly deaf children. They found that
answer
children who received cochler implants acquired language at the same rate as children with normal hearing.
question
the production of syllables that contain vowels and consonants is called.
answer
babbling
question
Which of the following statements is true of the development of babbling?
answer
Intonation is added to later babbling.
question
When young children are learning new words, they
answer
systematically consider all possible hypotheses about the connection between the word and the correct referent.
question
According to the rules that young children use to learn the meanings of new words, when Ravisha points to a picture of a boy in a blue shirt and says "boy," her 13-mont-old son will assume that the word "boy" refers to the
answer
boy
question
Which of the following statements is true regarding the influence of the environment on language development?
answer
Questioning children wile reading to them encourages them to identify meanings of new words.
question
Children with expressive language-learing styles
answer
have vocabularies that consist of many social phrases.
question
When Utsav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say "car." This is an example of
answer
an overextension.
question
Defining a word too narrowly is known as
answer
an underextension.
question
Bilingual children
answer
are more likely than monolingual children to understand that words are simply arbitrary symbols.
question
The production of two-word speech
answer
often is called telegraphic speech.
question
Children's use of grammatical morphemes is based primarily on
answer
the use of rules.
question
Which of the following is an example of overregularization?
answer
mans
question
The order in which children acquire grammatical morphemes depends on the
answer
complexity of the morpheme with the acquisition of simpler morphemes occurring before that of more complex morphemes.
question
Which would occur first in language development?
answer
adding "s" to a word to form a plural
question
According to the linguistic view which of the following statements reflects how children acquire grammar?
answer
Humans seem to be innately prepared to process language and learn grammar.
question
Turn-taking
answer
is apparent in preschoolers who expect that a comment will be followed by a response.
question
When 4-year-olds describe a toy to a 2-year-old, they
answer
use simpler grammar than they do with an adult listener.
question
Children
answer
who are African-American are more likely to use African-American English with African American peers.
question
In the case of understanding metaphor, young children
answer
can understand simple metaphors but not ones based on abstract relations.
question
Children's understanding of sarcasm
answer
usually occurs when a mocking or overly enthusiastic tone of voice is present.
question
According to this theory, children are born knowing that nouns usually refer to people or objects and that verbs are actions; they use this knowledge to infer grammatical rules.
answer
semantic bootstrapping theory.
