Child Growth & Development: Ch.8-10 – Flashcards
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The 2-year-old brain weighs __ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
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75%
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Another term for lateralization is:
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Sidedness
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Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood?
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Myelination of the corpus callosum
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Which of the following is cotrolled by the left half of the brain?
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Logical reasoning
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One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs from the age of 2 to 6 is:
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More regular sleep
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The ____ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.
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Hypothalamus
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According to sociocultural theory, children learn gross motor skills best from:
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Peers
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The most common cause of death in childhood is:
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Accidents
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Tertiary prevention begins ___ an injury.
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After
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Failure to meet a child's basicphysical, educaional, or emotional needs is the definition of:
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Child neglect
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By age 6, the average child in a developed naton weighs between __ pounds and is at least ___ feet tall.
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40 and 50; 3.5
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The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countires is insufficient:
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Iron, zinc, and calcium
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The "just-right" phenomenon:
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Refers to young children's insistence on routine.
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A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age:
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Three
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By age 6, the brain weighs ___ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
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90%
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The ___ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.
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Corpus Callosum
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The specialization in certain functions by each of the brain is:
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Lateralization
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Most people:
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Use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions.
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Which area is said to be the "exeuctive"of the brain?
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Prefrontal cortex
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Perseveration is the opposite of:
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Impulsiveness
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Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of _____.
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Motor skills
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Whichof these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control?
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Appropriate controls can minimize harm.
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Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of _____ prevention.
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Primary
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We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is:
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Usually perpetrated by the child's parents.
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A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to:
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Decrease financial instability
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what is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?
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Preoperational intelligence
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Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?
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Centration
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A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating
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Egocentrism
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An experimenterwholines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number ofcheckers is likely testing for conservation of:
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Number
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After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this is an example of:
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Guided Participation
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theoriies is called:
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Theory-theory
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Theory of Mind:
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Typically appears rather slowly
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What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind?
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Brain maturation
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Early childhood is _____ for language learning.
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A sensitive period
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The process by whcih children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:
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Fast-mapping
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The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or shee should not is:
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Overregularization
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According to your text, it is best that children:
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Become equally fluent in two langauges
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Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:
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Self-discovery
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the results of a 2006 study of 5 yearolds in inner city milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a montessori program:
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were better a pre-reading and early math tasks
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the goal of teacher directed early-education programs is to:
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make all children "ready to learn"
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Piaget's second of four stages of cognitionis:
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Preoperatonal intelligence
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Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?
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Egocentrism
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Which characteristics of preoperational thoughtinvolves a childassumingthethe world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounter it?
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Static reasoning
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Piaget has been criticized for:
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underestimating cognition during early childhood
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which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approachtocognitive development?
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Scaffolding
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A study of Mexican American children and the questions that htey ask foundthat:
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Most questions were about human behavior, such as "why do peple kiss?".
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The understanding that other people canhave thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:
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Theory of Mind
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Whichof the following has beenshown to influence whena child exhibits theory of mind?
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age and siblings
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The average child knows about ___ words at age 2 nad more than ___ at age 6.
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500; 10,000
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Instead ofsaying "feet," 4 year old jasper says "foots." This error is best descrived as an example of:
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Over-regularization
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the term ___ refers to a person whois fluent in two languages,not favoringoneover the other:
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Balanced Bilingual
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Child Centered programs that recognized that children learn through play with other childrenare most consistent with the views of:
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Vygotsky
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Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor any large-group instruction?
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Reggio Emilia
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Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?
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some programs involve parents; others do not
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According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?
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Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
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The ability to control whenand how emotions are expressed is refeered to as:
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Emotional Regulation
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Preschoolers predictthathtey can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called:
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Protective optimism
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In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who received an expected award for drawing:
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were less likely to draw
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by the age of ___, children are less likely to throw temper tantrums.
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4 or 5
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an example of an externalizing problem is ___ and an example of an internalizing problem is ___.
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Attacking other people; being withdrawn
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A kind of play identified by Mildred Parten is:
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Onlooker
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Play that mimics aggression,but with no intent to harm, is:
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Rough and tumble
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Baumrind's dimension in which parents vary in standards for responsibility and self-control in thier children is called:
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Expectations of maturity
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Whichofthe following is TRUE concerningpermissive parents?
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they have high nurturance
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Multicultural research on parenting styles and there effects on children has found that:
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parental disipline methods are LESS important than parental warmth, support, and concern are.
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A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?"to:
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encourage empathy
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Freud postulated that young boys have an unconscious desire to replace their fathers and win their mother's exclusive love. He called this:
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The Oedipus Complex
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In psychoanalytic theory, the judgementalpart oftheperonality thatinternatized the moral standards of the parents is:
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superego
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which thoery of gender differences focuses primarily on children's understanding?
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Cognitive Theory
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A discipline technique that may damageachild's initiative, social acceptance, and math achievement is:
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psychologial control
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Children who master ___ have learned when and how to express emotions.
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emotional regulation
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Erik Erikson's third develipmental stage- the stage duringwhich pride emerges-is called?
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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___ refers to people'sfeeling that others blame them or disapprove of them.
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Shame
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An illness or disorder of the mindis refeered to as:
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Psychopathology
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Emotional regulation differs between:
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younger and older children, cultures, and girls/boys
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Peers provide practice in:
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emotional regulation, empathy, social understanding
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Sociodramatic play allows children to:
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explore and rehearse social roles; practice regulation their emotions; and develop a self-concept ina nonthreatening context.
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many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influenctial is:
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Baumrind
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parents whohave lowexpectations for mautrity and rarely discipline thier children are characterized by Baumrind as:
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Permissive
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Some Children amy learn basic literacy from educational programs of:
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their parents watch with tehm and reinforce the lessons
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Which of the following terms refers to a true understanding of thefeelings and concerns of antoher person?
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empathy
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johnny, age 6, suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying:
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Antisocial behavior
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Biological differences between males and females are referred to as:
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Sex differences
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An attempt to defendone's self-concept by taking on the behaviors andattiduesof someone else is:
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identification
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a drive that comes from inside a person is called an
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intrinsic motivation
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