question

When is growth rapid?

answer

the first 2 years

question

much of the first year of life is spent...

answer

coordinating motor skills

question

How do children gain physical and motor coordination?

answer

repetition of motor actions

question

an infants weight may change almost...

answer

daily

question

average birth weight and length

answer

7.5 pounds and 20 inches

question

By two years, the child weighs ___________, and is how long?

answer

*about 4 times their birth weight *about 32 to 36 inches

question

By 2, boys...

answer

reach about half their adult height (girls will have passed their adult height by about 1 or 2 inches)

question

reflex

answer

automatic body response to a stimulus (at birth, the infant's physical abilities are limited to this)

question

Why do doctors and others who work with children check reflexes?

answer

to assess brain and nerve development

question

survival reflexes

answer

necessary for life (breathing, sucking, and swallowing)

question

primitive reflexes

answer

will disappear with age (Babinski, Moro, Palmar, stepping)

question

Sucking reflex

answer

*develop this from birth to 6 months *helps the infant obtain food for survival, is permanent

question

Rooting reflex

answer

*disappears by three to four months *allows infant to turn head toward anything that brushes their faces, helps them find a food source

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Moro reflex

answer

"startle reflex" *peaks during 1st month and goes away by 6 months *occurs when a newborn is startled by a noise or sudden movement, will fling arms and legs out and extend the head, and then will draw the arms and legs together while crying

question

Palmar Grasp reflex

answer

*weakens after the first 3 or 4 months, goes away totally late in the first year *when you touch the infant's palms, the hands will grip tightly

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Babinski reflex

answer

*present at birth in babies who are full term, will usually last for the first year after birth *a baby will fan out and curl their toes when their sole is stroked

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Stepping or walking reflex

answer

*can be observed in full-term babies, usually disappears 2 to 3 months after birth *when an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface, the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion

question

Infants learn to step voluntarily in...

answer

the first year

question

motor sequence

answer

refers to the order in which a child is able to perform new movements, each movement builds on the previous abilities *depends on the development of the brain and nerves (so movements tend to develop in areas closest to the brain and spinal cord first)

question

head and trunk control develops--being able to lift head from a surface and watch a moving object by moving head side to side

answer

motor sequence (1-3 months) (P)

question

roll over (1st you do this from stomach to back, then back to stomach)

answer

motor sequence (4-5 months) (P)

question

can sit upright

answer

motor sequence (4 to 6 months of age) (P)

question

in order to sit up...

answer

an infant must strengthen neck and back muscles (P)

question

after a child can pull themselves into a sitting position...

answer

crawling is the next skill in the motor sequence (P)

question

When does crawling occur?

answer

shortly after the child learns to roll onto the stomach (P)

question

How does a child crawl?

answer

pulls with the arms and wiggles the stomach or push with their legs (P)

question

crawling

answer

when an infants abdomen is on the floor (P)

question

hitching

answer

moving the arms and legs to slide butt across floor (P)

question

When does hitching happen?

answer

when a child can sit without support (P)

question

creeping

answer

a movement in which infants support their weight on their hands and knees (P)

question

as the arms and legs become stronger... (list of 6)

answer

1. infants can stand up with help, 2. then stand up with furniture help, 3. then walk when led by an adult, 4. then pull themselves up into a standing position, 5. then stand without support, 6. then walk without support (P)

question

earliest hand movements are...

answer

reflexive

question

When do infants enjoy swiping at objects?

answer

3-4 months (P) **when hand movements become less reflexive

question

Hand eye coordination improves and infants can pick up objects

answer

9 months (P)

question

can begin scribbling with a crayon

answer

16 months (P)

question

When does the child typically show a hand preference?

answer

2 years (P)

question

Milestones

answer

about half the infants at that age can do the task

question

Heredity determines when

answer

a child's brain and senses will be mature enough to learn certain skills

question

Environment

answer

opportunities are experienced where kids must use their sense and try new things

question

Being able to see, hear, feel, taste, and smell

answer

cognitive

question

an infant focuses on objects in the center of their visual field

answer

during the first few weeks of birth (C)

question

infants show preference for certain objects, for example

answer

*will gaze longer at patterned disks than solid color *prefer bolder colors *pay attention to faces (C)

question

an infant will gaze longer at a smiling face than a nonsmiling face at...

answer

2 months (C)

question

focus on hairline of face

answer

1 month (C)

question

focus on eyes

answer

2 months (C)

question

facial expression is most interesting

answer

3 months (C)

question

infants will turn their heads toward a sound

answer

at birth (C)

question

can distinguish the voice of mother or father over a stranger

answer

3 months (C)

question

During the first 3 months of birth infants do not know..

answer

that it is THEM moving their hand or making a movement (this goes away at about 3-6 months, where infants notice it is THEM making a sound etc.) (C)

question

infant examines objects more closely

answer

3 to 6 months (C)

question

can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar faces

answer

6 months (C)

question

show judgement

answer

3-6 months (prefer smell and voice of their parent to a stranger, try to locate noises) (C)

question

vocalization increases

answer

3-6 months (C)

question

respond in new ways to touch (blowing a kiss on stomach may cause a smile or coo)

answer

3-6 months (C)

question

start using predictable pattern to learn about objects (will look at it, put it in mouth, shake it, bang it on the floor)

answer

4 months (C)

question

body awareness develops

answer

(C) at the end of the 3-6 month period, this is when an infant my bite his or her toe while playing for example, or be surprised at teething pain

question

object permanence

answer

*6-9 months (C) *understanding that objects continue to exist even if the infant cannot see them

question

Developing object permanence means that

answer

children have goal oriented thinking and have developed memory, it also means that children know people exist all the time (even if a person is not in sight, they may cry for them)

question

can communicate

answer

6-9 months (C)

question

infants become more intentional about their goals (may cry for the purpose of being taken out of a play pen)

answer

9-12 months (C)

question

can anticipate certain events (may cry when a parent puts on a coat)

answer

9-12 months (C)

question

use trial and error problem solving (try to use toys in new ways, understand that the force they use affects the loudness of the sound)

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

relationships between cause and effect are fascinating (loves to hit water and watch it splash)

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

Language is a change of behavior that results because of...

answer

experience and maturation

question

children learn to say many new words

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

children's first words include words that...

answer

move and represent familiar actions (ball, dig, bye-bye, wet, dirty, hot) (C)

question

use 1 or 2 words to communicate (don't understand how to combine words and make a sentence)

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

books become important

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

may point to pictures in simple books and give names of objects

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

can understand even more words than they say

answer

12-18 months (C)

question

children start to think before taking action

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

able to apply what they know to solve problems without much trial and error

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

think in terms of actions

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

improved thinking and motor skills can make caring for these children exhausting

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

want to actively explore everything

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

are not old enough to understand danger

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

deferred imitation

answer

*18-24 months (C) *pretending is often a form of this *is watching another person's behavior and then acting it out later *EX: a father may tuck in his child give him or her a kiss on the cheek, and he or she does this later to a doll

question

pretending starts

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

understand that symbols can represent other objects

answer

EX: may hold a doll like a baby instead of swinging it around *18-24 months (C)

question

telegraphic speech

answer

*18-24 months when a child's vocabulary reaches about 200 words, they begin to describe 2 word phrases (C)

question

may point to objects and tell you what they are and are quick to respond to things that you name, such as pointing to a part of their body

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

like to share what they know with you

answer

18-24 months (C)

question

What are the emotions children show at birth?

answer

comfortable or uncomfortable (show this by cooing or crying)

question

child shows fear and anxiety and anger

answer

6-9 months (S/E)

question

children focus on relationships with adults mainly until

answer

1st birthday (here children start to take more interest in other toddlers)

question

a caregiver's actions have

answer

a lot of strong effect on children's social/emotional development

question

temperament

answer

refers to the quality and intensity of emotional reactions (passivity, irritability, activity patterns) (S/E)

question

passitivity

answer

relates to how actively involved a child is with his or her surroundings *a passive infant withdraws from a new person or event *an active infant does something in response to a new person or event

question

irritability

answer

tendency to feel distressed *some cry a lot, some rarely cry

question

activity patterns

answer

levels of movement *some are quiet and make few movements *some hardly move when asleep *others are constantly moving their arms and legs and sleep restlessly

question

attachment

answer

the strong emotional connection that develops between people (S/E)

question

the quality of attachment

answer

depends on adults (infants must know that they will be cared for)

question

examples of attachment behaviors

answer

cooing, kicking, gurgling, laughing

question

even young babies can show signs of attachment when

answer

cared for by an unfamiliar adult (distress can be shown by irregular sleeping or eating patterns)

question

separation anxiety

answer

attachment behavior that happens when a child protests because a familiar caregiver is leaving (S/E)

question

first signs of separation anxiety appear

answer

6 months of age

question

separation anxiety reaction becomes clearer

answer

9 months of age

question

separation anxiety is very strong

answer

15 months of age (distress will gradually weaken at this point)

question

children between ______________ months have the most problems beginning a child care program

answer

9 and 18 months (can be made easier by bringing a favorite toy or blanket)

question

key factor in social-emotional development

answer

establishing trust

question

trust develops when there is...

answer

predictability

question

general excitement (wiggling, smiling, looking alert) and general distress (crying) are the only emotions shown

answer

birth to 3 months (S/E)

question

children begin respond to people with smile and laughter

answer

3 months (S/E)

question

will notice and smile at other babies

answer

3-6 months (S/E)

question

tears will appear when children cry

answer

early in the 3-6 months stage (later on, children use different cries to signal different things) (S/E)

question

become actively involved with caregivers

answer

6-12 months (S/E)

question

make sounds in response to speech of others

answer

6-12 months (S/E)

question

begin to develop fear

answer

6-12 months (S/E)

question

developed attachment to caregivers

answer

6-12 months (S/E)

question

separation anxiety can continue until

answer

14 to 16 months

question

show anxiety (become upset because of something they think will happen soon)

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

become more interested in exploring because they are curious in new places and objects

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

start to take more interest in other children (play but do not interact much with them)

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

become more self-aware of their own abilities

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

children who are becoming self-aware are more likely to say no, because they like to know they can make things happen and like to see what will happen

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

you must help these children understand that rules must be followed

answer

12-24 months (S/E)

question

stand with some support

answer

6-10 months

question

stands alone

answer

10-14 months

question

walks well

answer

11-16 months

question

cruising

answer

tends to begin with your baby inching along by sliding his feet, but gradually he'll put all his weight on his feet and use his hands only to steady himself

question

weight at birth

answer

7.5 pounds

question

weight at 5 months

answer

15 pounds

question

weight at one year

answer

22 lbs. (triple birth weight)

question

weight at two years

answer

almost 4 times birth weight

question

length at birth

answer

20 inches

question

length at one year

answer

30 to 32 inches

question

length at two years

answer

32 to 36 inches

question

motor sequence

answer

order in which a child is able to perform new movements

question

important development of the child's senses occur in this time period

answer

cog. development in the first two years

question

*focus on objects *show preference for objects *develop hearing *start to experiment with reflexes *learn to suck

answer

birth to 3 cognitive development

question

children start to focus on their surroundings

answer

3 to 6 months (C)

question

*learn that they can touch, shake, and hit objects *think with their senses and movements

answer

3 to 6 months (C)

question

understand that other people exist

answer

6 to 9 months (C)

question

have definite ideas about what they want

answer

9 to 12 months (C)

question

enjoy playing pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo

answer

12 to 18 months (C)

Child Development Ch. 5 – Flashcards

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