question

expressive language

answer

Sounds, signs, or symbols that communicate meaning are called

question

tell the difference between individual letter sounds

answer

By one or two months of age, babies can

question

babbling

answer

The type of vocalization used by infants between 6 and 12 months of age is

question

pointing

answer

The most common gesture infants use is

question

nine-month-old Eric

answer

Which of the following babies is most likely to show a preference for the stress patterns of his or her native language?

question

9 or 10 months

answer

An infant first understands the meaning of individual words spoken to him at about

question

crying

answer

From birth to about one month of age, we would expect that a baby's most common sound is

question

babbling

answer

From six months on, babies begin engaging in ________, which is a sound pattern consisting of consonants and vowels.

question

crying, cooing, babbling

answer

The sequence of development in the prelinguistic phase of language development is

question

When babies first start babbling, they typically babble all kinds of sounds, including some that are not part of the language they are hearing.

answer

Which of the following statements about babbling is CORRECT?

question

Develops near the end of the first year

answer

The gestural language of infants

question

Children generally understand more than they can express

answer

According to your text, what is the relationship between receptive language and expressive language in early language development?

question

ten months

answer

In the past week, Larry has learned to wave "bye-bye" when his mother goes to work. How old is he?

question

that she does not expect a response

answer

Missy has been babbling while she watches her father read the paper. Her babbling has ended with a falling intonation indicating

question

use simple gestures at about the same time as hearing children

answer

Researchers have found that deaf children

question

thirteen months

answer

Fenson's research on receptive language indicates that children understand up to about 100 words by the age of

question

telegraphic speech holophrases

answer

All of the following changes occur at 9 or 10 months of age EXCEPT

question

12 or 13 months

answer

Marsha is anxious to hear her baby say his first real words. At about what age will this occur?

question

63%

answer

Fenson's cross-cultural study found that nouns made up what percent of the words children knew by two years of age?

question

a word

answer

According to linguists, any sound or set of sounds that is used consistently to refer to some thing, action, or quality is considered to be

question

words are understood to be symbolic

answer

All of the following are true of the first six months of early word learning EXCEPT

question

50

answer

Terry is an average 16 month old. He will probably have a speaking vocabulary of how many words?

question

320 words

answer

Manny is 24 months of age and his speaking vocabulary should be about

question

nouns

answer

The bulk of the research indicates that for most children, the majority of new words during very early vocabulary growth are

question

pay attention to words in whole groups

answer

Children's vocabulary grows rapidly because, by 3 years of age, children begin to

question

overextension

answer

When Lisa sees a dog she points and says "kitty." Lisa is demonstrating

question

fast-mapping

answer

The ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents is

question

the family car only

answer

Lawanda has not yet experienced the naming explosion. Therefore, her use of "car" is most likely to be for

question

underextension

answer

When Dora's mother mentions that the neighbors have a new "kitty." Dora says "they can't have Kitty because Kitty lives with us." Dora is demonstrating

question

"Look at the mouse"

answer

A group of children are watching a guinea pig run around on the floor. Which one of the following comments from the children illustrates overextension?

question

they are trying to communicate with a limited vocabulary

answer

Linguists point out that children overextend words because

question

the mutual exclusivity constraint

answer

When a child assumes that objects will have only one name, the child is influenced by

question

figure out relationships between whole categories of words

answer

Based on his research on vocabulary development, Anglin argues that children at about age 8 or 9

question

built-in bias

answer

The principle of contrast is an example of what some linguists believe is a(n) ________ in children's language development.

question

the squirrel itself

answer

Edna's father points to a squirrel climbing up a tree with a nut in its mouth and says "look at the squirrel." Because of built-in constraints, Edna will know that her father is referring to

question

a word-gesture combination used to convey sentence-like meaning

answer

Linguists use the term holophrase to indicate

question

18 and 24 months

answer

The first two-word sentences are usually formed between the ages of

question

holophrase

answer

A child says, "Doll" while holding out her hand. This is an example of a(n)

question

use of inflections

answer

All of the following are characteristic of Roger Brown's stage 1 grammar EXCEPT

question

-ing

answer

Shawn is beginning to use grammatical inflections in his speech. Which is he most likely to have added first?

question

telegraphic

answer

The type of speech in which children frequently omit everything in a sentence but the critical words is called ________ speech.

question

all children appear to express at least a few meanings in their earliest speech

answer

Research on the use of various meanings that children convey with earliest sentences (such as agent-action, action-location, and recurrence) has shown that

question

four to five words

answer

According to Fenson's research, 24 month old children's longest sentences include

question

.84

answer

Fenson found what correlation between the complexity of a child's sentences and the size of her speaking vocabulary?

question

reveals a knowledge of rules

answer

Children's first use of questions and negatives

question

is operating with a set of rules

answer

Overregularization occurs because the child in the later stages of grammatical development

question

overregularization

answer

The use of "flied" instead of "flew" by a child is an example of

question

private speech

answer

When young children use audible language to help control or monitor their own behavior, they are exhibiting

question

where did you put my truck?

answer

Four-year-old Tobias has learned to use several sentence forms. Which of the following sentences reflects the last sentence form Tobias learned to use?

question

The car was fixed by the man yesterday

answer

Which of the following sentences is likely to be the most difficult for a 5- or 6-year old child to understand?

question

passive voice

answer

Which of the following language forms are difficult for a 5- or 6-year-old child to understand and use?

question

communication

answer

Pragmatics is an aspect of language dealing with

question

pragmatics

answer

The understanding of what type of language to use in specific situations is called

question

pragmatics

answer

When Amy wants to play with the toy that Ellie has, she says "give me that toy." However, when she wants something her father has, she asks, "May I please have that?" Amy is using

question

understands pragmatics

answer

When Anita simplifies her language for her younger brother, she is demonstrating that she

question

prepositions, plurals, irregular past tenses

answer

Jerome is two years old and his sentences have become more complex. After he began to use "-ing," what were the next three inflections and complex word orders that he added?

question

by their teens, children are able to use the passive voice

answer

All of the following are examples of pragmatics EXCEPT

question

monitor one's own behavior

answer

Private speech is used to

question

private speech

answer

As she works on a puzzle, Ashley tells herself "this is a corner piece." This is an example of

question

egocentric speech

answer

Piaget thought that the "private speech" of children was

question

to guide their own behavior

answer

According to Vygotsky, children use "private speech"

question

it completely disappears by 9 or 10 years of age

answer

Research on private speech has shown all of the following EXCEPT

question

learning theory

answer

The earliest theories of language reflected which of the following perspectives?

question

imitation alone can't explain all language acquisition

answer

The fact that children say things such as "I wented," supports what conclusion about the role of imitation in language development?

question

Children saying things like "I hurted myself"

answer

Imitation theories of language development cannot account for

question

reinforcement

answer

Skinner's theory of language states that children's language is shaped through systematic ________ of better and better approximations of adult speech.

question

reinforcement

answer

The fact that parents are remarkably forgiving of all sorts of peculiar constructions and meaning in their children's speech is evidence against which theory of language development?

question

hears her own sentences recast by her mother

answer

Two-year-old Alissa is more likely to imitate a correct grammatical form if she

question

learn to dislike reading

answer

Mr. Esterhaus reads frequently to his children and talks to them about a wide range of subjects. We can expect that his children will do all of the following EXCEPT

question

it is scientifically described as infant directed speech

answer

Which of the following is an accurate statement about motherese?

question

lower-pitched voice

answer

All of the following are characteristics of infant-directed speech EXCEPT

question

Chomsky

answer

Which theorist is most strongly associated with nativist theories of language?

question

are programmed with rules to listen by

answer

According to Slobin, infants and children

question

language more rapidly without regard to genetic inheritance

answer

Parents who talk more, read more to their children, elicit more language from them and respond appropriately to them tend to have children who develop

question

stressed sounds

answer

Slobin proposes that babies are preprogrammed to pay attention to

question

the child's construction of language

answer

Bowerman and other constructivist theorists maintain that the important factor in language development is

question

22 months

answer

In Fenson's research study of more than 1000 toddlers, the earliest age at which the transition from simple two-word sentences to more complex forms occurred was

question

the prelinguistic phase is identical in all language communities

answer

Studies of a wide variety of language communities have revealed that

question

first use two-word phrases at 18 months

answer

Carlos lives in Mexico and Greti lives in Switzerland. Cross-cultural research indicates that both children will do all of the following EXCEPT

question

front

answer

Billy lives in the United States, Anwar lives in Egypt. They are both beginning to learn prepositions describing locations. Both will learn which of the following prepositions last?

question

use the same specific word order in early sentences

answer

Cross-cultural research indicates that children the all over the world do all of the following EXCEPT

question

pragmatic marker

answer

Japanese children learn at an early age to use a word at the end of the sentence that tells something about the feeling or context of what is being said. This is called a(n)

question

phonological awareness

answer

A child's awareness of the rules governing the sound patterns that are specific to his or her language is called

question

expressive jargon

answer

All of the following contribute to phonological awareness EXCEPT

question

phonological awareness

answer

Which of the following do reading experts suggest is critical to success in reading in the early years?

question

phonics

answer

Because poor readers have problems with sound-letter combinations, they benefit from what type of approach?

question

They have an advantage in metalinguistic ability

answer

Which of the following is true of bilingual children?

question

demonstrate few differences in verbal memory efficiency

answer

Carlos is bilingual and his parents have asked a counselor what to expect when he goes to school. She should tell them that most bilingual children who are equally fluent in both languages

question

structured immersion program

answer

Manuel is in a classroom in which all the children speak Spanish and the teacher speaks both English and Spanish. He is in a(n)

question

ESL program

answer

Children who are in a regular English-speaking classroom for most of the day, but spend an hour in a special classroom for children with limited English proficiency are in a(n)

question

Prelinguistic

answer

The process of learning a language begins with the __________ stage.

question

babbling

answer

From about 6 to 12 months of age __________ makes up about half of babies' noncrying sounds.

question

receptive

answer

The ability to understand language is referred to as __________ language.

question

50

answer

For the majority of children, a vocabulary spurt begins once the child has acquired about __________ words.

question

18

answer

Studies suggest that noun learning may precede verb learning because infants lack the ability to consistently associate words with actions until about __________ months of age.

question

underextension

answer

The use of words to apply only to specific objects is called __________ .

question

overextension

answer

The inappropriate use of a word to designate an entire category of objects is called __________ .

question

fast-mapping

answer

The ability to categorically link new words to real-world referents is called __________ .

question

whole object constraint

answer

Researchers propose that a child may have a built-in assumption that words refer to whole objects and not to their parts or attributes, and this is referred to as __________ .

question

holophrase

answer

The combination of a gesture and a single word that conveys more meaning than just a word alone is called a __________ . This type of communication is common for children between the ages of 12 and 18 months.

question

telegraphic speech

answer

__________ is the term researchers use to describe the earliest sentences created by most children because they include key nouns and verbs but generally omit all other words and grammatical inflections.

question

-ing

answer

The researcher, Roger Brown, found that the earliest inflection used by children learning English is adding __________ added onto a verb.

question

overregularization

answer

When young children apply basic grammar rules to irregular words during the second phase of sentence construction, this is called __________ .

question

overregularization

answer

Three-year-old Randy was trying to tell his mother something, and he used the word "sitted" to tell her that he was sitting to watch television. Randy's use of the word "sitted" is an example of what researchers call __________ of speech.

question

apragmatics

answer

The rules for the use of language in communicative interaction, such as the rules for taking turns and the style of speech that is appropriate for different listeners is called __________ .

question

learning/imitation

answer

The earliest theories of language were based either on __________ theory or the common sense idea that language is learned by __________ .

question

Peabody

answer

The most commonly used measure of vocabulary is the __________ Picture Vocabulary Test.

question

infant-directed

answer

Motherese is more scientifically described as __________ speech.

question

nativist

answer

Noam Chomsky advocates the __________ theory of language learning.

question

mean length of utterance

answer

Linguists refer to the average sentence length as the __________ .

question

phonological awareness

answer

Understanding the rules governing the sounds of a language, as well as, knowledge of the connection between sounds and the way they are represented in written language is called __________ .

question

invented spelling

answer

Young children who demonstrate good phonological awareness skills often use __________ when they attempt to write.

question

whole language approach

answer

An approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the meaning of written language more than its structure is called __________ .

question

metalinguistic

answer

Bilingual children have a clear advantage in __________ ability, the capacity to think about language.

question

submersion

answer

The __________ approach to teaching LEP children is also called the "sink or swim" approach.

question

20 months

answer

At what age will children begin to mimic their first words?

question

baby talk

answer

When Marta is holding her infant daughter, she speaks to her using a soft sing-song type of speech. This is referred to as __________ by developmentalists.

question

20 weeks

answer

Babies try to copy their mother's sing-song type of speech by __________ weeks.

question

18

answer

The way you can tell that baby talk works is at about __________ months, when the children start to form sentences and mimic you.

question

Duplication

answer

__________ is the first step in learning how to talk like a grownup.

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