chemistry unit 3 study guide – Flashcards
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Antoine Lavoisier
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the law of conservation of mass (or matter)
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Joseph Proust
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the law of definite proportions
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John Dalton
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the law of multiple proportions
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J. J. Thomson
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discovery of the electron (plum pudding atomic model)
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Robert Millikan
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discovery of the charge and mass of the electron
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Ernest Rutherford
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discovery of the nucleus and protons
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James Chadwick
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discovery of neutrons
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Dimitri Mendeleev
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organization of the Periodic Table
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Niels Bohr
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the planetary model of the atom
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Louis de Broglie
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the wave model of the atom
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Erwin Schrodinger
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the quantum model of the atom
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law of conservation of mass
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matter can be changed from one form into another, mixtures can be separated or made, and pure substances can be decomposed, but the total amount of mass remains constant
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law of definite proportions
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a chemical compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass
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law of multiple proportions
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If two elements form more than one compound between them, then the ratios of the masses of the second element which combine with a fixed mass of the first element will be ratios of small whole numbers.
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atomic structure
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-positively charged protons - nucleus -un-charged neutrons - nucleus -negatively charged electrons - orbiting the nucleus -mass of neutrons and protons = nearly identical -magnitude of the charge on protons and electrons is identical but opposite
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atomic number (z)
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the number of protons in a nucleus
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mass number (a)
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the number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
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anions
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negatively charged atoms
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cations
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positively charged atoms
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mono-, di-, tri-, and tetravalent ions
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have charges of 1, 2, 3, or 4
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isotopes
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naturally occurring variants of atoms that differ by number of neutrons, and therefore mass and mass number
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alkali metal
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a series of very reactive metals in the first column of the Periodic table that form monovalent cations
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alkaline earth metal
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a series of reactive metals in the second column of the Periodic Table that form divalent cations
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anion
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an atom or polyatomic molecule that has gained one or more electrons and carries a negative charge
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atomic number
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the number of protons in an atom, isotope, or ion (abbreviated as Z)
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cation
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an atom or polyatomic molecule that has lost one or more electrons and carries a positive charge
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electron
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a small, negatively charged particle that is found in atoms orbiting the nucleus
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halogen
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a series of reactive elements found on the second-from-the-last column of the Periodic Table that form monovalent anions
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ion
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an atom that has gained or lost one or more electron(s)
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ionic compounds
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compounds that are compromised of one or more metal and one or more non-metal. Ionic compounds contain at least one ionic bond
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ionic bond
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electrostatic, charge-based bond ( + and -)
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covalent bond
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sharing electrons (shaking hands)
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metals
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a category of elements characterized by being malleable and ductile by being good conductors of heat and electricity, and often by being shiny. they typically form cations
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metalloids
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a category of elements with physical properties generally between those of metals and non-metals
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molecular compounds
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compound compromised only of non-metals and/or metalloids, which contain only covalent bonds
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noble gas
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a series of generally un-reactive gases found on the last column of the Periodic Table
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non-metals
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a category of elements, characterized by being poor conductors of heat and electricity. non-metals typically form anions (in ionic compounds) or covalent bonds
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transition metal
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one of a series of metals found in a large block in the middle of the Periodic Table. these metals are notable in that they form more than one type of cation.
