Chemistry SOL Study Guide – Flashcards
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Percent Error
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(measured-standard)/standard X 100 = (known-found)/known X 100
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Ideal Gas Law
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PV = nRT (or if the question has V & moles: 22.4 liters/mole at STP)
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Boyle's Law
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P₁V₁= P₂V₂ "kinetic molecular theory of gases"
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Charles' Law
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V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (in Kelvin)
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Kelvin Temperature
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°C + 273
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Molarity
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moles/liters
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Density
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Mass/Volume
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Partial Pressures
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Add up to Dalton's law Ptotal = P₁ + P₂ + P₃+ etc.
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Heat Energy (enthalpy)
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H = (Mass)(ΔT)(c)
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Heat of Fusion (Vaporization)
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(Mass)(Heat of Fusion)
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Accuracy
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How close a measurement is to the correct answer (the standard)
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Precision
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How closely measurements agree with each other
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Ammonium
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NH4⁺¹
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Hydroxide
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OH⁻¹
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Nitrate
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NO3⁻¹
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Carbonate
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CO3⁻²
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Sulfate
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SO4⁻²
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Phosphate
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PO4⁻³
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Group Names
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Alkali Metals (+1) Alkaline Earth Metals (+2) Halogens (-1) Noble Gases
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Diatomic Gases
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B₂R₂I₂N₂Cl₂H₂O₂F₂
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Isotopes
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Atoms with the same atomic number (protons) but different masses (neutrons)
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Half Life
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Example: If the half life is 12 years, how many out of 512 original grams remain after 48 years? 48/12 = 4 half lives. 512 → 256 → 128 → 64 → 32
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Synthesis (Direct Combination)
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A + B = C
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Decomposition
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A = B + C
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Single Displacement
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Element + Compound + Other Element + Compound
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Combustion of Hydrocarbon
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C₅H₁₂ + 8O₂ = 5CO₂ + 5H₂O
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Neutralization
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HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H₂O
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Significant Figures (Addition/Subtraction)
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When adding or subtracting sig figs. look at decimal position: 3.123 + 24.5 = 27.6
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Significant Figures (Multiplication/Division)
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When multiplying or dividing, use the least number of sig figs: 23.045 X 2.1 - 48.3945 = 48
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SI Units
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Kilo hecto deka unit deci centi milli micro nano pico
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Writing Formulas
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When writing formulas, criss cross the oxidation numbers: calcium Ca⁺² chloride Cl⁻¹ becomes CaCl₂
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Acid Ions and pH
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hydrogen H⁺ and pH below 7 pH + pOH = 14
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Base Ions and pH
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hydroxide OH⁻ and pH above 7
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Equilibrium Expression
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For aA(s) + bB(g) ⇌cC(aq) + dD(g) K = (C)^c (D)^d/(A)^a(B)^b
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Combined Gas Law
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P1V1/T2 = P2V2/T2
