Chemistry Semester Exam – Flashcards
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| What is the history of the word alchemy? |
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| Philosopher's Stone |
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| Where did alchemy start? |
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| India ; China |
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| Alchemy is of what use to science? |
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| Transforming common chemicals into gold creating the phillosphers stone |
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| Who was consider the first legit Chemist and Why? |
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| Robert Boyle; using experiment to measure relationship between pressure and volume of gas |
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| Who was the "father of modern chemistry" and why? |
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| Antoine Lavosien discovered that matter may change it's shape or form |
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| What do Chemist do? |
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| apply information about matter and the changes it undergoes to improve our lives in different ways. |
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| Top Chemicals in the U.S.A. |
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| Sulfuric Acid, Nitrogen Ethyene, Oxygen, Propylene, Chlorine, Ethyene Dichloride, Phosphric Acid, Ammonia, Sodium Hydroxide |
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| Which greek Phillosphers were know as the "thinkers"; their experiments were based on logical thinking with no basis in experiment |
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| Socrates, Plsato, Aristotle |
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| Generic Step of the Scientfic method |
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1. find a Problem/ Research 2. Make a Hypothesis & test 3. Interpet Results 4.State Conclusion in a public form |
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| Serendipity |
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| chance and unexpected findings base on good observations have often moved science in unexpected and rewarding ways |
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| Hypothesis |
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| is an educated guess. it is normally formed in an "if-then" statement |
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| Varaibles |
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| Factors that effect the outcome of an experiment. |
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| Chenistry common varriables are . . . |
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| P, T,n,V |
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| Theory |
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| explanation for some phenomeon that is base on verified observation repeated experimentation and reasoning. |
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| Scientfic law |
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| represents descriptive facts of nature that are indisputed |
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| Experiment |
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| is a method of testing a hypothesis |
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| Controlled Experiment |
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| compares the result to a control sample, identical to the test sample- expect for one variable being tested. |
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| Models |
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| are simulations, subittiutes or stand ins for a process or obeject we are unable to directly observe |
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| In Science we measure data ________. |
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| Quantitatively |
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| Qualitative observations are __________. |
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| Non-Numerical |
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| Kilo |
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K 1000 |
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| Deci |
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d .1 |
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| Centi |
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c .01 |
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| Milli |
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m .001 |
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| Matter |
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| anything having mass and volume |
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| volume |
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| space an object occupies |
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| Volume = |
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| L X W X H |
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| Mass |
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| quanity of matter contained in an object |
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| Weight |
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| A Measure of gravity on a given mass |
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| Temperature |
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| represent the average kentic energy of particles in a sample of matter. |
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| Heat |
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| is a movemnt of thermal energy of the particles in a sample of matter. |
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atoms |
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| building blocks of matter |
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| Pure Substances |
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| can contain either a single element or a single compound .... they only have one type of atom |
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| Element |
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| pure substance with one type of atom |
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| Compound |
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| is a pure substance containing two or more atoms in a different reaction |
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| 7 diatomics |
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| H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 |
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| Mixtures |
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| contain two or more pure substances that are not chemically combined. |
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| Gold Alloys |
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| 24 Karat is the maxium gold content (100% gold) |
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| Mixures are classified as ______ or _________ |
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| Homogeous; Heterogeous |
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| Homogenous Mixtures |
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| same throughout |
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| Heterogenous Mixture |
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| part with different properties |
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| Allotropes |
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| mutiple forms of molecules of the same element |
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| Solids |
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| Constant volume and constant shape |
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| Liquid |
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| Constant volume and Variable shape |
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| Gases |
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| varaible volume and Shape |
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| Macroscropic Properties |
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| are observations with the naken eye - atoms in bulk show these properties |
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| Microscropic Properties |
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| show particles in layered form- too small to see with the naked eye must be observed indirectly. |
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| Physical Properties |
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| can be observed without changing the idenity of subsances changes of state. |
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| Chemical Properties |
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| Can only be obsevred when a substance is changed into a new substance |
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| Chemical Reaction |
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| Process by which one or more substances change into one or more new substances with new properties |
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| Energy |
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| ability to do work |
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| Energy forms are either _____ or ________ |
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| Potential; Kinetic |
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| Potential Energy |
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| comes in forms that are stored including chemical, graduation, mechincal and nuclear |
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| Kinetic Energy |
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| forms are doing work involving movement or somekind - like electrical, heat, light, motion, and sound. |
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| Endothermic |
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| process invloving an absorption |
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| Exothermic |
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| Process involving a relase of energy |
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| Law of Conservsation of Energy |
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| durring any physical or chemical change energy is not created or destroyed |
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| The total amount of energy and matter in the universe is constant( does not change). |
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| System |
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| is the container and reaction under study |
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| Surroundings |
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| everything outside the system |
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| Heat is energy transfered . . . |
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| between objects atdifferent temperatures. |
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| Energy always . . . |
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| moves from the hot object to the cooler object. |
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| Conduction |
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| direct contact |
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| Convention |
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| little indirect contact |
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| Radiation |
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| little absorption |
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| Temperature |
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| is a measure of the Average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter |
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| Kelvin = |
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| K= C+ 273.15 |
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Celius = |
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| C= K- 273.15 |
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| Work |
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| is forced applied over a distance |
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| Work = |
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| W= Force(Distance) |
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| The Greeks Thought were four types of Atoms ____, ____, ____, _____. |
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| earth, air, water, fire |
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| Thompson viewws the atom as a ____ ____ containing an equal mix of changes in a _____ sphere. This is sometimes called the ____ pudding model. |
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| solid sphere; charges; positive; plum |
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| Daltons Theory: 5 Major Principles |
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| Cathode |
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| Negitive Electrode |
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| Anode |
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| Positive Electrode |
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| Law of Comipition |
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| Compounds have the same element in the same properties by mass no matter what the source. |
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| Law of Conservation of Mass |
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| Durring the chemical reaction the mass of the product equals the mass of the reactants. |
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| Law of Mutiple Proportions |
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| when two elements so make differrent compounds they combine in simple whole number ratios |
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| Nucleus |
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is the centeral region of the atom. Very Desnsed, Positive Charged |
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| Protons |
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| Heavy and charged particles found in the nucleus. Nutral |
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| Nuetron |
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| negitivly charged particle, found in nucleus |
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| Electron |
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negitive charged small particles orbiting at relatively large distance from the Nucleus. Aka Beta Particles. |
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| Alpha Particles |
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positive two charged particles emitted from the nucleus of large unstable atoms. it has two protons and two neutrons. |
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| The ____ _____ _______ acts like an atomic velcro ______ the same charged particles from ______ on another. |
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| Strong Nucleus force; kepping; rerepelling |
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| Atomic Number |
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| is the number of protons in an atom. |
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| Mass Number |
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| the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. |
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| Isotopes |
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| are elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| Atomic Mass |
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| is the average mass of all the isotopes of an element |
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| It is the element _____ that determines the chemical properties of an atom |
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| arrangement |
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| ______ do not orbit the nucleus in nice circular orbits. |
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| Electrons |
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| ______ can be describe as particles and waves. |
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| Electrons |
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| a _____ is a region around a nucleus where electrons are likely to be found. |
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| Orbital |
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| a ____ _____ electron is in its lowest energy state. |
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| Ground State |
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| Exicited state electrons = |
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| e- |
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| exicited electron is _____ and re-emits Energy as it ______ to the ground state. |
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| unstable;relaxes |
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| The Entire spectrum contains . . . |
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| Gamma Rays,X-Rays, UV, Visible, IR, Microwaves, Radiowaves |
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| Frequency |
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| number of waves/second |
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| Wavelength |
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| distance between peeks on adjacent waves |
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| high frequency waves have _____ wavelength |
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| short |
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| Principle Quantum Number |
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| indicates the main energy level |
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| Angular Momentum |
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| the main energy levels are divied into sublevels of that electron |
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| S orbitial = |
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| 2 electrons |
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| P orbital = |
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| 6 electrons |
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| D orbital = |
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| 10 electrons |
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| F orbital = |
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| 14 electrond |
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| 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 8s |
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| half-life |
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| the time required for half of the atoms in sny given quanity of a radioactive isotope to decay is the half life of that isotope. each particular isotope jad its own unique half-life. |
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| i have 300 donuts. how many dozen is this? |
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| 300 1dozen _____________ = 25 Donuts 12 dounts |
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| The Standard isotope for measuring mass is the ______ isotope |
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| C-12 |
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| one Mole = |
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| 6.022 X 10^ 23 |
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| mole is also know as |
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| Avogadro's number |
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| bubba has 1.256 X 10^24 atoms of Zn. |
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| 1.256 X 10^24 1 mol ____________________________ = 2.08 mol 6.022 X 10^24 |
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| When elements are arranged by the ___ ___, several trends are apparent. Trends are ______ in the physical and chemical properties id the elements. these trnds become apparents in the ______ and the ______ of the table. |
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| atomic number; patterns; families; series |
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| Atomic radius |
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| half the distance between the center of two like atoms. atomic radius increases down a family |
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| atomic radius _____ across |
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| decreases |
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| Atomic Radius Trends: the ____ gas configuration is a _______ condition for an atom. _____ atoms tend to ____ or ____ electrons to obtain a Noble Gas Electron Configuration. |
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| Noble;stable;Neutal; lose, gain |
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| Ions |
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| An atom or a group of atoms that has gained or lost electrons and become positivly or negitively charged |
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| Ionic radius Graphical Trend: They _____ down a family ionic size _____ generally. Across a peroid, ionic size radius _____ grenerally. |
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| move; increase; decreases |
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| Ionization Energy |
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| Energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion. as you go down a family the ionization decrases. As you move across a peroid the ionization of energy increases. |
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| Electonegitivly |
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| This measures the attraction an atom has for electrons while its bonding with another atom. down a family this decrease across a peroid this increases. |
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| Shielding effect |
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| as an atom gets larger with the addition of extra energy levels, the affect increases. this is because they are "shielded" from a strong attraction by the nucleus due to the extra layers of the outer electrons and the nueclus. shielding effect increases down a family. it remains contstant within a peroid. |
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| Most ____ Seek lost their Electrons |
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| Metals |
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| _______ tend to seek to gain electrons |
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| nonmetals |
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| 8 electrons is a . . . |
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| Octlet |
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| most reactive elements are the . . . |
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| Alkalimetals and the halogens |
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| Metals ____electrons |
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| lose |
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| nonmetals ____electrons |
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| gain |
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| ions have unique properties unrelated to the properties if the element |
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| "Octet Rule" |
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| Cations |
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| + |
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| Anions |
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| - |
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| salt is a _____ compound formed by negitivly and positive charged ions |
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| ionic |
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| There are _____ types of salts |
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| thousands |
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| Most _____ & _____ are ionic compounds |
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| rocks minerals |
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| ionic compounds are _____ ______ ______ as molecules |
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| not the same |
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| Acetate |
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| C2H3O2-1 |
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| Chlorate |
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| ClO3-1 |
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| HYDROXIDE |
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| OH-1 |
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| NITRATE |
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| NO3-1 |
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| NITRITE |
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| NO2-1 |
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| SULFATE |
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| SO4-2 |
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| SULFITE |
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| SO3-2 |
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| CARBONATE |
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| CO3-2 |
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| PHOSPHATE |
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| PO4-3 |
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| AMMONIUM |
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| NH4+1 |
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| Covelant bonds |
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| these form between nonmetals |
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| Attractive forces are ____ ____ ____ particles |
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| between oppsite charged |
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| Repulsive forces are ____ ____ ____ particles |
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| between like charged |
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| Molecular Compounds |
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| compounds formed from covalent bonds |
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| 0.0 to 0.5 |
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| nonpolar covalent |
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| 0.6 to 2.1 |
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| polar covalent |
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| 2.2 to 3.3 |
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| ionic |
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mono = di= tri= tetra= penta= hexa= hepta= octa= nona= deca= |
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mono =1 di=2 tri= 3 tetra=4 penta=5 hexa= 6 hepta= 7 octa=8 nona=9 deca= 10 |
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covalent compounds are correctly called _______, while ionic are correctly called "_______ ______" |
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| Molecules; " Formula Units" |
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The atomic mass of their compound is the ____ of all the atomic masses in the compound |
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| SUM |
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| The Percentage composition Calculation allows is to calculate the ______ of ________ for each element in a compound. |
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| Percentage of mass |
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Percentage composition of Magensium hydroxide
MgOH2 |
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24.3/58.3 X 100 =41.6% 32/58.3 X 100= 54.8% 2/58.3 X 100= 3.43% |
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| Remeber to add the mass of Water !!!!!! :) |
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| Emprical Formual |
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| is the mathematically reduce formula of a chemical formual. |
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| In emprical formula percentage convert to _____ |
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| grams |
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| find the emprical formual for the compouind containing 46.7% Si and 53.3% O2. |
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46.7g Si 1mole 28.086g = 1.66
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| Properties of Solids |
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| Properties of Liquids |
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| Example of Liquds |
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propane melted solid gasoline oil alochol milk juice vingear ammoniuia anti-freeze |
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| Properties of gases |
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| Freezing/Melting |
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| Liquid <-> Solid |
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| evaporation/bolling/condensation |
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| Liquid <-> gas |
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| Sublimation / depsoition |
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| solid <-> gas |
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| Most substances can contain in all three states of matter |
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| Intermolecular forces |
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| attractions between oppositively charged ions |
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| Dipole-Dipole |
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| polar molecules are those that do not share thier electrons well. As a result they have "partial" charges which allow them to attract to their neighbors. |
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| Solution |
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| homogenous mixture of substance |
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| Suspension |
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| mixture where particles settle out |
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| heterogenous |
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| different throughout |
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| homogenous |
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| same throughout |
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| Solvent |
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| greater amount |
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| Solute |
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| less amount |
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| alloy |
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| mixture of two or more elements |
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| alloy |
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| mixture of two or more elements |
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| colliod |
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| mixture where the particles reflect light |
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| Decant |
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| fdraw off a liquid sediment |
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| Tyndall Effect |
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| scattering of light by particles |
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| Filteration |
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| seperation of solids from fluids |
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| Chromatograpghy |
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| seperation of mixtures |
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| Distillation |
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| Evaporation and subsequent collection of a liquid by condensation as a means of purification. |
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| Solubility |
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| max amount of a substance that will disslove at a specfic Temperature. |
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| Polar |
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| Not symmetric |
