Chemistry Final Test Questions – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| chemistry |
answer
| the scientific study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes that matter undergoes |
question
| hypothesis |
answer
| an explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations and that can be tested |
question
| mass |
answer
| a measure of the amount of matter in an object |
question
| weight |
answer
| a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object |
question
| density |
answer
| the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
question
| basic research |
answer
| carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge |
question
| applied research |
answer
| carried out to solve a problem |
question
| organic chemistry |
answer
| focuses on most carbon-containing compounds |
question
| inorganic chemistry |
answer
| focuses on non-organic substances |
question
| biochemistry |
answer
| focuses on processes occuring in living things |
question
| analytical chemistry |
answer
| focuses on composition of materials |
question
| SI base units |
answer
| meter-length; kilogram-mass; second-time; kelvin-temperature; mole-amount of substance; ampere-electrical current; candela-luminous intensity |
question
| formula of density |
answer
| D=M/V |
question
| accuracy |
answer
| a description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured |
question
| precision |
answer
| the exactness of a measurement |
question
| uncertainty |
answer
| the lack of certainty |
question
| significant digit |
answer
| any digit of a number that is known with certainty |
question
| significant zeros |
answer
| in between significant numbers and final zeros after the decimal point |
question
| scientific notation |
answer
| 45,600,000=4.56x10^8 .00000526=5.26x10^-7 |
question
| matter |
answer
| anything that has mass and takes up space |
question
| element |
answer
| a substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
question
| compound |
answer
| a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
question
| mixture |
answer
| a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined |
question
| matter and energy are conserved |
answer
| energy is transformed into another so it's never destroyed. matter can be changed into energy so it can continue to exist in other forms |
question
| homogenous mixture |
answer
| uniform |
question
| heterogenous mixture |
answer
| different components |
question
| states of matter |
answer
| solid, liquid, gas, and plasma |
question
| solid |
answer
| definite volume and shape |
question
| liquid |
answer
| definite volume but indefinite shape |
question
| gas |
answer
| neither definite volume nor shape |
question
| plasma |
answer
| high temperature, atoms lose most of their electrons |
question
| physical change |
answer
| a change of matter from one form to another |
question
| chemical change |
answer
| a change that occurs when one or more substances change into new substances with different properties |
question
| atom |
answer
| the smalles unit of an element that maintains the chemical properties of that element |
question
| nucleus |
answer
| the positively-charged dense center of an atom |
question
| ion |
answer
| an atom, radical, or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and has a negative or positive charge |
question
| isotope |
answer
| an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element but different number of neutrons |
question
| atomic number |
answer
| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
question
| atomic mass |
answer
| the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units |
question
| subatomic particles |
answer
| protons, neutrons, and electrons |
question
| protons |
answer
| in the nucleus with a positive charge (same as atomic number) |
question
| neutrons |
answer
| in the nucleus with a neutral charge (same as protons) |
question
| electrons |
answer
| in the electron cloud with a negative charge (protons+electrons/2) |
question
| molar mass |
answer
| same as atomic mass . g/mol |
question
| frequency |
answer
| the number of waves produced in a given amount of time |
question
| wavelength |
answer
| the distance from any point on a wave to an identical point on the next wave |
question
| amplitude |
answer
| the height of a wave from its trough or crest to its midpoint |
question
| electromagnetic radiation |
answer
| the radiation associated with an electric and magnetic field |
question
| quanta |
answer
| the basic unit of electromagnetic energy |
question
| photon |
answer
| a unit or quantum of light |
question
| ground state |
answer
| the lowest energy state of a quantized system |
question
| electromagnetic spectrum |
answer
| red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, violet |
question
| speed of light (3x10^8 m/s) |
answer
| frequency x wavelength |
question
| energy |
answer
| 60.626x10^-3 x wavelength Max Planck |
question
| photoelectric effect |
answer
| refers to the emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on the metal |
question
| principal energy level |
answer
| the energy level denoted by the principal quantum number |
question
| sublevel |
answer
| a part of a level which can hold a different number of electrons |
question
| orbital |
answer
| a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding electrons |
question
| sublevels |
answer
| s, p, d, f |
question
| # of orbitals |
answer
| s=1(2), p=3(6), d=5(10), f=7(14) |
question
| Aufbau Principle |
answer
| an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it |
question
| Pauli Exclusion Principle |
answer
| no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers |
question
| Hunds Rule |
answer
| orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before any orbital is occupied by a second electron and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spin state |
question
| aufbau |
answer
| 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 4f 5d 6s 6p |
question
| periodic table |
answer
| an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers |
question
| period |
answer
| a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
question
| group |
answer
| a vertical column of elements in the periodic table |
question
| valence electrons |
answer
| electrons that are found in the outermost shell of an atom |
question
| octet rule |
answer
| atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have eight electrons in the outer shell |
question
| metals |
answer
| elements that are shiny and conduct heat and electricity well |
question
| non-metals |
answer
| elements that conduct heat and electricity poorly |
question
| Mendeleev |
answer
| credited for developing the modern periodic table |
question
| alkali metals |
answer
| first column |
question
| alkaline-earth metals |
answer
| second column |
question
| transition metals block |
answer
| middle |
question
| halogens |
answer
| second to last column |
question
| noble gases |
answer
| last column |
question
| s block |
answer
| first columns |
question
| p block |
answer
| last part |
question
| lanthanides and actinides block |
answer
| bottom two rows |
question
| atomic radius |
answer
| one-half of the distance between the center of identical atoms that are not bonded together |
question
| ionization energy |
answer
| the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion |
question
| electron affinity |
answer
| the energy needed to remove an electron from a negative ion to form a neutral atom or molecule |
question
| electronegativity |
answer
| a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons |
question
| ionic bond |
answer
| a force that attracts electrons from one atom to another which transforms neutral to ions |
question
| covalent bond |
answer
| a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons |
question
| polar covalent bond |
answer
| a covalent bond in which a pair of electrons shared by two atoms is held more closely by one atom |
question
| non-polar covalent bond |
answer
| a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms |
question
| molecule |
answer
| the smallest unit of a substance that keeps all the physical and chemical properties of that substance |
question
| oxidation number |
answer
| the number of electrons that must be added to or removed from an atom in a combined state to convert the atom into the elemental form |
question
| ions |
answer
| NH4 +, OH-, NO3 -, C2H3O2 -, SO4 2-, PO4 3- |
question
| polyatomic ions |
answer
| ions made up of two or more elements covalently-bonded |
question
| cations |
answer
| positive ions |
question
| anions |
answer
| negative ions |
question
| to become stable compounds |
answer
| why do atoms bond to form compounds? |
question
| VSEPR |
answer
| predicts some molecular shapes based on the idea that pairs of valence electrons surrounding an atom repel each other (linear, bent, trigonal planar, tetrahedral) |
question
| linear |
answer
| atoms connected together in a straight line; bond angle=180 degrees; occurs in compounds consisting of only two atoms and three if middle has no unshared electrons |
question
| bent |
answer
| atoms connected in an angled fashion; bond angle=105 degrees; occurs in compounds consisting of three atoms if the central atoms has unshared electrons |
question
| trigonal planar |
answer
| occurs in compounds consisting of four atoms bonded together |
question
| tetrahedral |
answer
| occurs in compounds consisting of five atoms bonded together; no unshared electrons; bond angle=109.5 degrees |
question
| hybrid orbital |
answer
| an orbital formed by the combination of multiple atomic orbitals on the same atom |
question
| polar molecule |
answer
| different polarities which attract each other |
question
| non-polar molecule |
answer
| same polarities which repel each other |
question
| intermolecular forces |
answer
| repulsion between atoms, dipole-dipole, induced dipole |
question
| mixtures |
answer
| non-chemical combinations of elements or compounds; no chemical change that occurs among the combining materials |
question
| heterogeneous mixture |
answer
| have different amounts of substances dispersed; don't totally dissolve; maintain their original states; will separate over time |
question
| homeogeneous mixture |
answer
| have the same amount throughout; one substance becomes completely dissolved in another; dissolved substance takes on the state of what it is dissolved in; mixed substances stay together |
question
| solute |
answer
| substance that gets dissolved |
question
| solvent |
answer
| substance that does the dissolving |
question
| solid solution |
answer
| solid/liquid/gas dissolved in a solid |
question
| aqueous solution |
answer
| solid/liquid/gas dissolved in a liquid |
question
| gaseous solution |
answer
| solid/liquid/gas dissolved in a gas |
question
| alloy |
answer
| a solution made of two or more metals mixed together |
question
| colloids |
answer
| have properties in between those of suspensions and solutions |
question
| sol |
answer
| more liquid than solid |
question
| gel |
answer
| more solid than liquid |
question
| electrolyte |
answer
| solute that when dissolved, makes its solvent more conductive to electricity; solutes that when dissolved, break up into ions |
question
| solvation |
answer
| process of a solute being dissolved by a solvent; has to be able to "pull apart" the solute |
question
| effects of solvation |
answer
| nature of the solute and solvent "like dissoves like"; temperature of the solution; pressure; heat of the solution |
question
| increases solubility |
answer
| raising the temperature of a solution witha solid solute.. |
question
| decreases solubility |
answer
| raising the temperature of a solution with a gaseous solute.. |
question
| does not change solubility |
answer
| raising the temperature of a solution with a liquid solute.. |
question
| pressure |
answer
| changes in this will affect solubility only when the solute is a gas |
question
| Henry's Law |
answer
| pressure above a gas is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas |
question
| endothermic solution |
answer
| has an increase in solubility when the temperature increases |
question
| exothermic solution |
answer
| has a decrease in solubility when the temperature increases |
question
| heat of solution |
answer
| amount of energy produced or consumed by the formation of the solution |
question
| saturated solution |
answer
| a solution with the max amount of solute that can be dissolved |
question
| unsaturated solution |
answer
| a solution with less than the max amount of solute that can be dissolved |
question
| supersatured solution |
answer
| a solution with more than the max amount of solute |
question
| surface area |
answer
| the larger available for dissolving, the faster the solute will dissolve |
question
| stirring |
answer
| puts more solute particles into contact with solvent, therefore increasing rate of dissolving |
question
| dissociation |
answer
| ionic compounds that dissolve will actually be separated into the ions that make them up |
question
| insoluble |
answer
| some ionic compounds don't dissolve at all in water |
question
| precipitation |
answer
| process of solids forming in a solution |
question
| spectator ions |
answer
| ions that don't take part in a chemical reaction |
question
| ionization |
answer
| formation of ions in solution from molecules |
question
| concentration |
answer
| measure of how much solute is dissolved in a solution |
question
| colligative properties |
answer
| change as a result of the concentration of solute particles but are independent of the nature of the solute |
question
| freezing point depression |
answer
| a colligative property that drops in freezing point of a solution when a solute is added |
