Chemistry Exam I – Flashcards

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Criteria Air Pollutants
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- carbon monoxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- ozone
- sulfur dioxide
- particulate matter
- lead
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Whats in an inhaled breath?
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- 78% nitrogen
- 21% oxygen
- .9% argon
- .04% carbon dioxide
- 0% water
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Whats in an exhaled breath?
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- 75% nitrogen
- 16% oxygen
- .9 % argon
- 4% carbon dioxide
- 4% water
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conversion of % to ppm
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move four decimal places
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Carbon monoxide as an air pollutant
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the "silent killer", an odorless gas, byproduct of incomplete combustion
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Ozone as a air pollutant
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special form of oxygen that has a sharp odor that comes from motors, transformers, and welding torches
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Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides as a air pollutant
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respiratory irritans that contribute to acid rain, unpleasent odor
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Air Quality Index (AQI)
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0-50 Good Green
51-100 Moderate Yellow
101-150 Unhealthy for Sens. Orange
151-200 Unhealthy Red
201-300 Very Unhealthy Purple
301-500 Hazardous Maroon
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toxicity
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intrinsic health hazard of a substance
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Exposure
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amount of substance encountered
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Risk Assessment
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evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an occurence
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How can you decide is something is at risk?
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Exposure, effect, alternatives, knowledge of consequence, occupational encountered, image of hazard, severity of consequence, controllable
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Trosophere
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0 - 6.2 miles 0 - 10 km
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Stratosphere
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9.3 - 31 miles 15-50 km
contains the ozone layer
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Mesosphere
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31 -... miles 50 -...km
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Element
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substances that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by any chemical means
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compund
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fixed composistion, but capable of being broken down into elements
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mixture
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variable composistion of elements, compounds, or both
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Parts of a Periodic Table
Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal
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Group - column
Period - row
metal - left
non-metal - right
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Parts of a Periodic Table
Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal
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Group - column
Period - row
metal - left
non-metal - right
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Atom
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smallest unit that can exist
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molecule
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a combination of a fixed number of atoms held together in a spatial arrangement
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chemical formula
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represents the type and number of each element present
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Combustion Reaction
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the rapid combination of oxygen with electricity
Ex. Coal + Oxygen = source of electricity
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Complete Combustion
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produces both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
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Law of Conservation
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in a chemical reaciton, matter and mass are conservced
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An increase in altitude means a....in pressure
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a drop in pressure
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naming metals-nonmetals
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first element then second element with ide ending
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naming non metals and non metals
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name 1st element with prefix and second element with prefix and ide endings
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Prefixes
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1-mono
2-di bi
3-tri
4-tetra
5-penta
6-hexa
7-hepta
8-octa
9-nona
10-deca
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hydrocarbon
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compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon
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catalyst
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chemical substance that participates in and speeds up a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change
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catalytic converter
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used to catalyze the conversion of CO to CO 2
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VOC
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vapors of incompletely burned gasoline molecules or fragments of these molecues
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alternatives to gasoline combustion engines
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electric cars, fuel cells, hybrids
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Green Chemistry
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designing chemical products and process that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances
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ozone
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lightning or electric spark exposed to
oxygen

O3
energy + 3O.2 -> 2O.3
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how is ozone a secondary pollutant
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near the surface of the earth ozone forms smug and other pollutants
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indoor air pollutants
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candles, cleaners, fireplaces, smoke, hairspray, cooking
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ratio of atoms and molecules
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1 x 10^6
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Good uses of ozone
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water purification, bleaching, air deodorant
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allotrope
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two or more forms of the same element that have different molecular or crystal structure

Ex. O.3 O.2 diamond, graphite
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proton
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positive charged particles found in the nucleus
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neutron
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neutral particles found in nucleus that just add mass
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electron
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negative charge, circulating nucleus
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Between proton, neutron, and electron, which is the smallest?
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electron
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atomic number
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the number of protons for an element
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elementary periodicity
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- elements arranged in order of increasing atomic #
- arranged so those with similar physical and chemical properties fall in the same column
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Valence Electrons
How can you tell how many valence electrons and atoms has from the periodic table?
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# of outer electrons
group number (1A,2A) tells u
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mass number
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sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom
(the number under atomic symbol)
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isotope
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two or more forms of the same element whose atoms differ in number of neutrons (hence in mass)
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find protons, neutrons, and electrons of a neutral atom
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top number = protons = electrons
mass number = sum of protons and neutrons
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covalent bond
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shared electron
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Lewis Structure
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a representation showing outer electrons using a dot structure
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octet rulet
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the fact that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom shares in eight electons
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