Chemistry Exam I – Flashcards
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Criteria Air Pollutants |
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- carbon monoxide - nitrogen dioxide - ozone - sulfur dioxide - particulate matter - lead |
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Whats in an inhaled breath? |
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- 78% nitrogen - 21% oxygen - .9% argon - .04% carbon dioxide - 0% water |
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Whats in an exhaled breath? |
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- 75% nitrogen - 16% oxygen - .9 % argon - 4% carbon dioxide - 4% water |
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conversion of % to ppm |
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move four decimal places |
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Carbon monoxide as an air pollutant |
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the "silent killer", an odorless gas, byproduct of incomplete combustion |
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Ozone as a air pollutant |
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special form of oxygen that has a sharp odor that comes from motors, transformers, and welding torches |
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Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides as a air pollutant |
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respiratory irritans that contribute to acid rain, unpleasent odor |
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Air Quality Index (AQI) |
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0-50 Good Green 51-100 Moderate Yellow 101-150 Unhealthy for Sens. Orange 151-200 Unhealthy Red 201-300 Very Unhealthy Purple 301-500 Hazardous Maroon |
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toxicity |
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intrinsic health hazard of a substance |
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Exposure |
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amount of substance encountered |
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Risk Assessment |
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evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an occurence |
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How can you decide is something is at risk? |
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Exposure, effect, alternatives, knowledge of consequence, occupational encountered, image of hazard, severity of consequence, controllable |
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Trosophere |
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0 - 6.2 miles 0 - 10 km |
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Stratosphere |
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9.3 - 31 miles 15-50 km contains the ozone layer |
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Mesosphere |
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31 -... miles 50 -...km |
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Element |
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substances that cannot be broken down into simpler ones by any chemical means |
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compund |
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fixed composistion, but capable of being broken down into elements |
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mixture |
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variable composistion of elements, compounds, or both |
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Parts of a Periodic Table Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal |
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Group - column Period - row metal - left non-metal - right |
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Parts of a Periodic Table Group, Period, Non-Metal, Metal |
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Group - column Period - row metal - left non-metal - right |
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Atom |
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smallest unit that can exist |
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molecule |
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a combination of a fixed number of atoms held together in a spatial arrangement |
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chemical formula |
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represents the type and number of each element present |
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Combustion Reaction |
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the rapid combination of oxygen with electricity Ex. Coal + Oxygen = source of electricity |
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Complete Combustion |
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produces both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide |
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Law of Conservation |
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in a chemical reaciton, matter and mass are conservced |
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An increase in altitude means a....in pressure |
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a drop in pressure |
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naming metals-nonmetals |
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first element then second element with ide ending |
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naming non metals and non metals |
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name 1st element with prefix and second element with prefix and ide endings |
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Prefixes |
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1-mono 2-di bi 3-tri 4-tetra 5-penta 6-hexa 7-hepta 8-octa 9-nona 10-deca |
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hydrocarbon |
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compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon |
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catalyst |
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chemical substance that participates in and speeds up a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent change |
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catalytic converter |
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used to catalyze the conversion of CO to CO 2 |
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VOC |
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vapors of incompletely burned gasoline molecules or fragments of these molecues |
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alternatives to gasoline combustion engines |
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electric cars, fuel cells, hybrids |
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Green Chemistry |
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designing chemical products and process that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances |
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ozone |
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lightning or electric spark exposed to oxygen O3 energy + 3O.2 -> 2O.3 |
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how is ozone a secondary pollutant |
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near the surface of the earth ozone forms smug and other pollutants |
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indoor air pollutants |
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candles, cleaners, fireplaces, smoke, hairspray, cooking |
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ratio of atoms and molecules |
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1 x 10^6 |
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Good uses of ozone |
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water purification, bleaching, air deodorant |
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allotrope |
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two or more forms of the same element that have different molecular or crystal structure Ex. O.3 O.2 diamond, graphite |
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proton |
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positive charged particles found in the nucleus |
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neutron |
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neutral particles found in nucleus that just add mass |
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electron |
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negative charge, circulating nucleus |
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Between proton, neutron, and electron, which is the smallest? |
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electron |
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atomic number |
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the number of protons for an element |
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elementary periodicity |
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- elements arranged in order of increasing atomic # - arranged so those with similar physical and chemical properties fall in the same column |
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Valence Electrons How can you tell how many valence electrons and atoms has from the periodic table? |
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# of outer electrons group number (1A,2A) tells u |
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mass number |
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sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom (the number under atomic symbol) |
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isotope |
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two or more forms of the same element whose atoms differ in number of neutrons (hence in mass) |
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find protons, neutrons, and electrons of a neutral atom |
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top number = protons = electrons mass number = sum of protons and neutrons |
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covalent bond |
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shared electron |
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Lewis Structure |
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a representation showing outer electrons using a dot structure |
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octet rulet |
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the fact that electrons in many molecules are arranged so that every atom shares in eight electons |