question

No of moles =

answer

mass of substance
__________________
molar mass

question

1 mole of a gas takes up

answer

24dm3

question

In Ionic equations, only the ___________ are involved, for example, C2H4Cl2 + F2 -> C2H4F2 + Cl2 goes to...

answer

reacting particles
F2 + 2Cl- -> 2f- + Cl2

question

Number of moles in a solution =

answer

concentration x volume in cm3
__________________________________
1000

question

Percentage yield =

answer

( Predicted yield )
(_________________) x 100
(Theoretical yield)

question

The balanced equation tells you the ratio of _______ in a reaction

answer

moles

question

There are how many electrons in subshell s
p
d
f

answer

2
6
10
14

question

Which is lower, the 4s subshell or the 3d?

answer

4s

question

How many blocks are there in the periodic table, what are they called and what do the elements in them have

answer

4, s, p, d, f,
s= outer shell electrons from s1 - s2
p= outer shell electrons from p1 - p6
d= outer shell electrons from d1 - d10
f= outer shell electrons from f1 - f14

question

An oxidising agent
A reducing agent

answer

accepts electrons and gets reduced
donates electrons and gets oxidised

question

For oxidation states, all atoms are treated as

answer

ions

question

Uncombined elements, elements bound to the same element and the overall oxidation state for compounds all have an oxidation state of

answer

0

question

In compounds, or for monatomic atoms, the oxidation state is the same as the

answer

charge

question

Oxygen nearly always has an oxidation state of ______ except in __________ where it is _____, or flourides, where it is

answer

-2, peroxides, -1, + 2

question

the suffix -ate means

answer

oxygen is in the compund

question

Electronegativity increases going to the _______ on periods and _______ on groups

answer

left, up

question

Flourine, oxygen, nitrogen and chlorine are the most

answer

electronegative elements

question

with a much more electronegative atom on one side the electrons in the bond are ______________ and this makes the molecule a ________

answer

pulled to one side, dipole

question

If there are two equal polar bonds in opposite directions, the molecule ________ as they __________

answer

is not a dipole, cancel each other out

question

Instantenous-dipoles

answer

the electron cloud in one molecule is momentarily more to one side than the other, causing a momentary dipole

question

Induced dipoles

answer

When a dipole is near another molecule, the charge can attract/repel the electrons in the other molecule, causing a dipole

question

Permanent dipoles

answer

where one atom is much more electronegative than another, pulling the electrons in the bond towards it

question

Instaneous-Induced dipole bonds

answer

the weakest intermolecular force, where a temporary dipole induces a dipole in another molecule, leading to them becoming attracted to each other. This can spark off a chain, but they are constantly created and destroyed

question

Permanent-Permanent dipole bonds

answer

Where the permanent dipoles attract each other

question

Hydrogen bonding

answer

the strongest intermolecular force, only happens when hydrogen is covalently bonded to O, N or F, as they are strongly electronegative. the bond is so polarised that the hydrogen forms weak bonds with the lone pairs of electrons on the F, N or O

question

First ionisation enthalpy

answer

the energy required to pull the first electron out of an atom/ molecule

question

3 things that affect the ionisation enthalpies and why

answer

Atomic radius - the further away the outer shell electrons are from the nucleus, the less the attraction and lower the enthalpy
Nuclear charge - more proteins in nucleus = higher attraction = higher ionisation enthalpy
Electron shielding - the inner electrons shield the outer electrons from the attraction of the protons, more inner electrons = less attraction = lower ionisation enthalpy

question

equation for ionisation enthalpies looks like this:

answer

O(g) -> O+(g) +e-

question

Halogens electro-negativity increases __________ and their boiling points increase ________

answer

up the group, down the group

question

Halogens go from ________ for bromine ________ for chlorine __________ for iodine to ____________ when reacting with alkenes

answer

orange, green, brown, colourless

question

In hexane, chlorine goes,______, bromine goes __________, iodine goes _______

answer

colourless, red, pink

question

silver nitrate + chlorine
bromine
iodine

answer

white precipitate
cream precipitate
yellow precipitate

question

Halogens go to the _______ during electrolysis

answer

anode

question

Fluorine is used for

answer

toothpaste, sanitising water, HCFC's

question

Chlorine is used for

answer

bleach, sanitising pool water, military weapons

question

Bromine is used for

answer

medicines, flame retardants, pesticides

question

Iodine is used for

answer

medicines, essential nutrient, testing for starch

question

features of continuous process

answer

products continually enter and leave, lower labour costs, makes large amounts of product, little variation of qualit, but expensive to build, little chance of contamination unless producing more than one product

question

features of batch process

answer

makes a batch at a time, small quantities can be made, can be multi-purpose, labour costs

question

atom economy =

answer

(mass of desired product)
(_______________________) x 100
(total mass of reactants)

question

to make a chloroalkane from an alcohol add _______________ and ______

answer

hydrochloric acid, shake

question

to purify a chloroalkane made from an alcohol,

answer

add sodium hydrogencarbonate to neutralise any remaining acid, add distilled water to the product, shake and then run the lower layer off, remove any water by adding anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then distill the mixture

question

Halogenoalkanes reacting with hydroxide ions is

answer

nucleophilic substitution

question

Halogenoalkanes + Ammonia forms

answer

amines

question

why are iodoalkanes the most reactive halogenoalkanes and fluoroalkanes the least?

answer

they have the weakest bond with the carbon and fluorine has the strongest

question

What structure does diamond have and why

answer

giant molecular structure, it forms four covalent bonds with nearby carbon atoms, forming a tetrahedral shape. It cannot conduct electricity as all electrons are held in localised bonds

question

what structure does Silican oxide have

answer

tetrahedral, doesnt conduct electricity as all electrons are used for making covalent bonds

question

A reaction wont take place unless

answer

two particles collide facing the right way with enough kinetic energy

question

minimum amount of energy required for a reaction is known as the

answer

activation enthalp

question

To increase reaction rates

answer

increase temperature, pressure, surface area or introduce a catalyst

question

reversible reactions can produce

answer

dynamic equilibrium

question

dynamic equilibrium is the

answer

forward reaction occuring at the same rate as the backwards one, it can only occur in a closed system

question

increasing concentration of something in a reversible reaction

answer

shifts the equilibrium to the other side

question

increasing pressure in a reversible reaction

answer

shifts the equilibrium to the side with the fewest particles

question

Increasing temperature in a reversible reaction

answer

shifts the equilibrium to the endothermic side

question

the atmosphere is

answer

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
>1% Argon
0.035% CO2

question

Electomagnetic spectrum

answer

Radio-Micro-IR-Visible-UV-Xrays-Gamma

question

E=

answer

hv
energy = planks constant x frequency in Hz

question

In heterolytic fission

answer

a cation and anion are formed

question

In homolytic fission

answer

Two radicals with no charge are formed

question

reaction for creation and destruction of ozone by UV

answer

O3 + hv -> O2 + O.
O2 + O. -> O3

question

Reaction for Chlorine and ozone

answer

Cl. + O3 -> O2 + clO.
ClO. +O3 -> 2O2 + Cl.

question

A reaction is electrophilic addition if

answer

atoms are added to the carbon atoms

question

reacting alkenes with ______ using a _________ catalyst makes _________

answer

water, sulfuric acid, alcohols

question

aldehydes have a

answer

double bonded oxygen at the end and are produced through oxidation of primary alcohols

question

ketones have a

answer

double bond anywhere but the middle, produced through oxidation of secondary alcohols

question

carboxylic acids have a

answer

double bonded oxygen attaced to the same carbon that a -OH group is attached to, produced by full oxidation of primary oxygens

question

what are the two ways of dehydrating oxygen and what does it form

answer

ethanol passed over a hot catalyst of aluminium oxide, reflux ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid, both form alkenes

question

To oxidise a primary alcohol

answer

Heat ethanol with potassium dichromate and sulfuric acid, then heat vigorously under reflex

question

Hydrogen bonding means that a substance will ___________________- because ______

answer

dissolve in water it can form hydrogen bonds with it

question

addition polymerisation turns _________ into ________

answer

alkenes, addition polymers

question

Thermoplastics ____________ when heated as they have __________

answer

melt, no cross linkages

question

thermosetting polymers ________ when heated as they have ______-

answer

dont melt, but char, cross links

question

atoms can _______ around single, but not double bonds

answer

rotate

question

E isomers have both groups on the

answer

same side

question

Z isomers have both groups on the

answer

opposite sides

question

Infra-red spectroscopy is where

answer

a beam of IR radiation is passed through a chemical

question

IR spectroscopy shows

answer

what frequencies of IR radiation are absorbed by the bond

question

The fingerprint region is

answer

unique to every bond

question

the fingerprint region shows

answer

which bonds are present in a sample

Chemistry B Salters Chemistry Of Nat Rec British AS-Level – Flashcards

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