Chemistry "A Volatile History" – Flashcards
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What is an element?
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An element is a substance that cannot be broken down any further.
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What were the 4 elements that the Ancient Greek recognized?
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Earth, air, water, and fire
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Who was the first person, in 1526, to clearly challenge the Greeks notion of 4 elements? And what elements did he propose?
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Paracelsus proposed salt, sulphur, and mercury
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What were alchemists interested in learning?
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They were interested in learning how to make gold from base elements and find the secret to eternal life.
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In 1669, what was Hennig Brand looking for, where was he looking, and what did he find instead.
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Hennig was looking for gold in urine, but he found phosphorus instead.
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What is another name for phosphorus?
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Icy Noctoluca
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What did Robert Boyle make when he added sulfur to phosphorus?
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He made the first match.
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What did Robert Boyle write?
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He wrote "The Skeptical Chemist"
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What blind alley did Johann Becher lead the scientific community into?
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He contended that there was a substance, called phlogiston, that caused fire to burn and reduce substances to ash.
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What new element did Henry Cavendish discover and was it flammable?
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He discovered Hydrogen gas which was very flammable.
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In 1774, which scientist studied carbon dioxide at a brewery and later discovered Oxygen as an elemental gas?
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Joseph Priestly
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Which French scientist was fanatical about precise measurements?
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Antoine Lavoisier
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State the Law which Antoine Lavoisier made which guides the balancing of chemical equations?
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The Law of the conservation of mass states " Matter can neither be gained or lost, only changed".
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What happened to Antoine Lavoisier that cut short his career?
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He lost his head to French revolutionaries.
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How many elements did Antoine Lavoisier classify and what 4 groups did he classify them into?
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19 elements Gasses Non-metals Metals Earth
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What did Humphrey Davy do, in 1807, to isolate the element Potassium from Potash?
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He invented a new field in chemistry called electrochemistry which used electricity to separate elements from compounds.
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How many elements were there by 1829?
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55 separate elements
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Who proposed that elements were made up of building blocks called atoms?
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John Dalton in 1805
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What 3 scientists were responsible for demanding all elements had precise atomic weights?
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John Dalton, Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Stanislao Cannizzaro
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What pattern did Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner see with some elements?
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He saw patterns of 3 called triads (alkali metals for example)
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What scientist was responsible for seeing the patterns for the rule of 8 (octet rule)?
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John Newland
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Who developed the first table of elements on February 17, 1869?
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Dmitri Medeleev
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What 2 scientists were responsible for the science of spectral chemistry?
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Robert Bunsen and Paul Emile Lecoq
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What did Pierre Janssen and Norman Lockyer discover using spectral chemistry? Where was it discovered?
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They discovered Helium on the sun.
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Who discovered the no-reactive noble gasses?
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William Ramsay
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In 1909, what 2 atomic scientists are responsible for developing a working model of the atom?
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Ernest Rutherford and Niels Bohr
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What scientist was responsible for identifying elements by the number of their protons (atomic number)?
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Henry Moseley
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What did Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler discover about compounds?
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They discovered isomerism. Molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structures.
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How did Smithson Tennent prove that diamonds were made of Carbon?
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He burned one and produced carbon dioxide.
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Which 2 scientists formulated the theory of chemical bonds?
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Archibald Scott Couper and Friedrich Kekulé
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Wallace Carothers successfully drew off a fibre from the interface of two liquids: hexane-1,6-diamine and decanedioyl-dichloride. What was that fibre?
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Nylon
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What French and Polish scientists pioneered radioactive chemistry?
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Henri Becquerel and Marie Curie
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Who discovered the Neutron in 1932?
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James Chadwick
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What scientist was first responsible for bombarding atoms with neutrons in order to make elements that were heavier than Uranium?
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Enrico Fermi
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What woman scientist was responsible for proving Einstein's famous equation E=mC^2?
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Lise Meitner
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What did Enrico Fermi do in 1942?
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He made the first successful nuclear chain reaction while working on the Manhattan Project.
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What synthetic element did Edwin McMillian and Phillip Ableson create?
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Plutonium, used in the bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
