Test Answers on Chemistry – Chemistry – Flashcards

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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Boiling Point
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Condensation Point
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Melting Point
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Freezing Point
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Malleability
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Ductility
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Colour
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

State
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Solubility
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Crystal Formation
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Conductivity
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Magnetism
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Physical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Ability To Burn
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Flash Point
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Behavior In Air
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Reaction With Water
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Reaction With Acids
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Reaction To Heat.
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Chemical Property
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Physical Or Chemical Property :

Reaction to Red & Blue Litmus.
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Chemical Property
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The observe a chemical property you must see a ___________ _______ .
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Chemical Change
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During a chemical reaction, energy is always __________ or _________.
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During a chemical reaction, energy is always absorbed or released.
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During a chemical reaction, __________ is always __________ or _________.
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During a chemical reaction, energy is always absorbed or released.
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What was Aristotle's theory on matter ?
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That all mater was composed of fire, earth, water and air.
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What was Democritus's theory on matter?
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Matter was made up of tiny particles, that could not be divided into smaller pieces.
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Democritus called modern day atoms, _____, meaning ___________.
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Democritus called modern day atoms, Atomos, meaning Invisible.
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__________ was better known and more respected than __________ so although _________'s theory on matter was closer to our theory today, people believed ________'s theory for about 2000 years after __________ & ___________'s theories were brought up in ____BC.
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Aristotle was better known and more respected than Democritus so although Democritus's theory on matter was closer to our theory today, people believed Aristotle's theory for about 2000 years after Democritus & Aristotle's theories were brought up in 400BC.
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Aristotle & Democritus were ________ _____________.
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Aristotle & Democritus were Greek Philosophers.
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Alchemy = Combination of ________ & _________.
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Alchemy = Combination of Science & Magic.
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Mercury was discover through ________ .
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Mercury was discover through Alchemy.
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_______ measured relationships between volume and pressure of gas.
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Robert Boyle measured relationships between volume and pressure of gas.
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Robert Boyle measured relationships between _________ and ___________ of gas.
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Robert Boyle measured relationships between volume and pressure of gas.
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Robert Boyle lived from _____ to _____.
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Robert Boyle lived from 1627 to 1691.
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Antoine Lavoisier lived from _____ to _____.
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Antoine Lavoisier lived from 1743 to 1794.
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Antoine Lavoisier measured the _____ of the substances that _______ together and the substance _______ in many_______ _________.
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Antoine Lavoisier measured the masses of the substances that reacted together and the substance produced in many chemical reactions.
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_________ _________ measured the masses of the substances that reacted together and the substance produced in many chemical reactions.
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Antoine Lavoisier measured the masses of the substances that reacted together and the substance produced in many chemical reactions.
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_________ _________ discovered that mass is neither produced nor lost during a chemical reaction (Law of Conservation of Mass).
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Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither produced nor lost during a chemical reaction (Law of Conservation of Mass).
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Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither _________ nor _____ during a ________ __________ (Law of Conservation of Mass).
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Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither produced nor lost during a chemical reaction (Law of Conservation of Mass).
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Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither produced nor lost during a chemical reaction (Law ___ ____________ ___ _____).
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Antoine Lavoisier discovered that mass is neither produced nor lost during a chemical reaction (Law of Conservation of Mass).
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Antoine Lavoisier was a ________ ___________.
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Antoine Lavoisier was a French scientist.
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The works of _______, _________, ________ & ______ illustrate the role of evidence in the development of the model of the atom.
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The works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr illustrate the role of evidence in the development of the model of the atom.
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The works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr illustrate the role of evidence in the ______________ ____ ____ ________ ___ ____ _______.
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The works of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr illustrate the role of evidence in the development of the model of the atom.
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John Dalton lived from _____ - _____.
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John Dalton lived from 1766-1844.
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John Dalton was an ________ ________ & ________.
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John Dalton was an English Chemist & Physicist.
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John Dalton based his model of the atom on experiments he did in _____________ _______ .
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John Dalton based his model of the atom on experiments he did in combining elements.
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John Dalton imagined all atoms were like_____ _____, but they had different _________, like ____, _____, and ________.
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John Dalton imagined all atoms were like small spheres, but they had different properties like size, mass and colour.
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One part of _____ _______ explanation on matter is that all matter is made of small, indivisible particles.
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One part of John Daltons explanation on matter is that all matter is made of small, indivisible particles.
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One part of _____ _______ explanation on matter is that all the atoms of an element are identical in properties such as size and mass.
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One part of John Daltons explanation on matter is that all the atoms of an element are identical in properties such as size and mass.
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One part of _____ _______ explanation on matter is that atoms of different elements have different properties.
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One part of John Daltons explanation on matter is that atoms of different elements have different properties.
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One part of _____ _______ explanation on matter is that atoms of different elements can combine in specific fixed ratios to form new substances.
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One part of John Daltons explanation on matter is that atoms of different elements can combine in specific fixed ratios to form new substances.
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JJ Thomson lived from _____ - _____ .
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JJ Thomson lived from 1856-1940.
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JJ Thomson's theories suggested that _____ of different ________ contained ________ particles that were _________.
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JJ Thomson's theories suggested that atoms of different elements contained smaller particles that were identical.
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JJ Thomson's model stated that all _____ are made of smaller _________ particles put together in different combinations to make the different ________.
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JJ Thomson's model stated that all atoms are made of smaller subatomic particles put together in different combinations to make the different elements.
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Ernest Rutherford lived from _____ - _____.
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Ernest Rutherford lived from 1871-1937.
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___ ________ & ______ _______ worked together in England.
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JJ Thomson & Ernest Rutherford worked together in England.
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Ernest Rutherford did research at _______ University in Montreal.
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Ernest Rutherford did research at McGill University in Montreal.
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Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment that lead to the discovery of the ________ of the _____.
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Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment that lead to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom.
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_______ ___________ performed an experiment that lead to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom.
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Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment that lead to the discovery of the nucleus of the atom.
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_______ ___________ came up with the bowling ball, tissue paper reference.
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Ernest Rutherford came up with the bowling ball, tissue paper reference.
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__________ received the Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
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Rutherford received the Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
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Rutherford received the Noble Prize in Chemistry in _____ .
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Rutherford received the Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1908.
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Neils Bohr lived from ____ - ____ .
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Neils Bohr lived from 1885-1962.
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Neils Bohr was a ______ _______.
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Neils Bohr was a Danish Physicist.
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Neils Bohr worked under __________.
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Neils Bohr worked under Rutherford.
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Neils Bohr's experiments partly explained why the _________ charged electrons do not merge with the __________ charged nucleus. Why is this ?
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Neils Bohr's experiments partly explained why the negatively charged electrons do not merge with the positively charged nucleus. This is because electrons can not fall below the lowest energy level.
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An ________ can not fall into a _____ under normal circumstances.
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An electron can not fall into a nucleus under normal circumstances.
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Todays model of the atom is based on a theory called ________ __________.
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Todays model of the atom is based on a theory called Quantum Mechanics.
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Our current model of an atom can change in the future as scientists learn more about ___ ______ and ____________ _______.
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Our current model of an atom can change in the future as scientists learn more about the atom and subatomic particles.
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There are ____ elements.
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There are 113 elements.
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___ naturally occurring elements.
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90 naturally occurring elements.
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___ synthetic elements.
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25 synthetic elements.
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All the elements can be divided into 3 groups; ______, _______, _________.
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All the elements can be divided into 3 groups; metals, non-metals & metalloids.
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Most elements are ______.
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Most elements are metals.
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Metals are ________ and _______.
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Metals are malleable and ductile.
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___ elements are non-metals.
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17 elements are non-metals.
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Some metalloids conduct electricity, but _____ ____ _____ .
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Some metalloids conduct electricity, but not very well.
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An atom is about _____ in diameter.
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An atom is about 10^-10 in diameter.
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The three kinds of subatomic particles are; _________, ________ & ________.
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The three kinds of subatomic particles are; electrons, protons & neutrons.
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Electrons are __________ charged particles.
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Electrons are negatively charged particles.
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Protones are __________ charged particles.
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Protons are positively charged particles.
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Neutrons are __________ charged particles.
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Neutrons are neutral particles.
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Protons & Neutrons are gathered together in the _______.
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Protons & Neutrons are gathered together in the nucleus.
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________ & ________ are gathered together in the nucleus.
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Protons & Neutrons are gathered together in the nucleus.
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Protons & Neutrons account for more than ____% of the total mass of an atom.
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Protons & Neutrons account for more than 99.9% of the total mass of an atom.
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________ & ________ account for more than 99.9% of the total mass of an atom.
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Protons & Neutrons account for more than 99.9% of the total mass of an atom.
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Electrons account for over ____% of an atom.
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Electrons account for over 99.9% of an atom.
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________ account for over 99.9% volume of an atom.
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Electrons account for over 99.9% volume of an atom.
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The number of electrons that can exist in the different energy levels varies.
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The number of electrons that can exist in the different energy levels (doesn't vary/varies).
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The number of electrons that can exist in the different energy levels varies.
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The lowest energy level is the one (closest to/farthest from) the nucleus.
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The lowest energy level is the one closest to the nucleus.
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An energy level can be _____, _____ ______ or ________ _____.
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An energy level can be empty, partly filled or completely filled.
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_______ ; ________ are attracted to each other because they have different charges. This means that ____ can not collapse.
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Electrons ; Protons are attracted to each other because they have different charges. This means that atoms can not collapse.
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The atomic number of a element indicates the number of _____ it has .
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The atomic number of a element indicates the number of protons it has.
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The elements in a period are arranged according to ________ ______ _______.
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The elements in a period are arranged according to increasing atomic number.
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As you move from left to right in a period, each element has one more _______ in its atom.
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As you move from left to right in a period, each element has one more protons in its atom.
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To help distinguish between the isotopes of an element, each isotope is given a number called the ____ _______.
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To help distinguish between the isotopes of an element, each isotope is given a number called the mass number.
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The mass number is an integer equal to the total number of ______ & ________ in the ________ of an atom.
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The mass number is an integer equal to the total number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
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Why aren't electrons included in mass number?
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Electrons aren't included in mass number because their mass is too small.
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You can determine the number of neutrons in an atom by __________ the atomic number from the _____ number.
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You can determine the number of neutrons in an atom by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number.
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_____________
ELEMENT SYMBOL.
_____________.
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mass number
ELEMENT SYMBOL
atomic number.
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The atomic molar mass is the average mass of that specific _________.
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The atomic molar mass is the average mass of that specific isotope.
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Isotopes of the same element (do/do not) have the same mass.
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Isotopes of the same element do not have the same mass.
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In general, atoms are neutral, so the number of________ in an atom equals the number of _________.
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In general, atoms are neutral, so the number of electrons in an atom equals the number of protons.
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Why don't isotopes of the same element have the same mass?
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Because each isotope has a different number of neutrons in its nucleus.
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The process of gaining or losing electrons is called __________.
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The process of gaining or losing electrons is called ionization.
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The result of ionization is the formation of an ____.
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The result of ionization is the formation of an ion.
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An ion is an __________ charged atom or group of atoms.
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At ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
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Positively charged ions are called ______.
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Positively charged ions are called cations.
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Most cations form when metal atoms _____ ________. When a cation is forming, the ____ ________ usually move to another atom. Electrons are _________ charged. When they leave an atom, the ion that remains is positively charged because it now has more _________ than _________.
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Most cations form when metal atoms lose electrons. When a cation is forming the lost electrons usually move to another atom. Electrons are negatively charged. When they leave an atom, the ion that remains is positively charged because it now has more protons than electrons.
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An ions ______ is sometimes shown as a superscript after the atomic symbol.
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An ions charge is sometimes shown as a superscript after the atomic symbol.
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Negatively charged ions are called ______.
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Negatively charged ions are called anions. (THINK ONIONS).
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Most anions from when non-metals ____ _(#)_ ________.
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Most anions from when non-metals gain two electrons.
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Most ion formation takes place when ______ & _________ form ionic compounds.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form ionic compounds.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form _____ __________.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form ionic compounds.
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Metal atoms tend to form cations by losing electrons to non-metals, which form ______.
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Metal atoms tend to form cations by losing electrons to non-metals, which form anions.
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Atoms gain or lose electrons so that they have the same number of electrons as the nearest _____ ____. This makes them more ______.
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Atoms gain or lose electrons so that they have the same number or electrons as the nearest noble gas. This makes them more stable.
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In chemistry, becoming more stable means becoming less _______.
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In chemistry, becoming more stable means becoming less reactive.
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The elements in the same group or family on the periodic table have similar _______ & ________ ________. One of these properties is reactivity.
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The elements in the same group or family on the periodic table have similar physical & chemical properties. One of these properties is reactivity.
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An element reactivity is related to the number of _______ in its outer energy level.
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An element reactivity is related to the number of electrons in its outer energy level.
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Elements are most stable when they have _______ outer energy levels.
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Elements are most stable when they have filled outer energy levels.
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The process of gaining or losing electrons is called __________.
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The process of gaining or losing electrons is called ionization.
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The result of ionization is the formation of an ____.
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The result of ionization is the formation of an ion.
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An ion is an __________ charged atom or group of atoms.
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At ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms.
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Positively charged ions are called ______.
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Positively charged ions are called cations.
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Most cations form when metal atoms _____ ________. When a cation is forming, the ____ ________ usually move to another atom. Electrons are _________ charged. When they leave an atom, the ion that remains is positively charged because it now has more _________ than _________.
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Most cations form when metal atoms lose electrons. When a cation is forming, the lost electrons usually move to another atom. Electrons are negatively charged. When they leave an atom, the ion that remains is positively charged because it now has more protons than electrons.
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An ions ______ is sometimes shown as a superscript after the atomic symbol.
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An ions charge is sometimes shown as a superscript after the atomic symbol.
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Negatively charged ions are called ______.
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Negatively charged ions are called anions. (THINK ONIONS).
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Most anions from when non-metals ____ _(#)_ ________.
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Most anions from when non-metals gain two electrons.
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Most ion formation takes place when ______ & _________ form ionic compounds.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form ionic compounds.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form _____ __________.
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Most ion formation takes place when metals & non-metals form ionic compounds.
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Metal atoms tend to form cations by losing electrons to non-metals, which form ______.
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Metal atoms tend to form cations by losing electrons to non-metals, which form anions.
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Atoms gain or lose electrons so that they have the same number of electrons as the nearest _____ ____. This makes them more ______.
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Atoms gain or lose electrons so that they have the same number or electrons as the nearest noble gas. This makes them more stable.
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In chemistry, becoming more stable means becoming less _______.
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In chemistry, becoming more stable means becoming less reactive.
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Recall the elements in the same group or family on the periodic table have similar _______ & ________ ________. One of these properties is reactivity.
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Recall the elements in the same group or family on the periodic table have similar physical & chemical properties. One of these properties is reactivity.
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An element reactivity is related to the number of _______ in its outer energy level.
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An element reactivity is related to the number of electrons in its outer energy level.
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Elements are most stable when they have _______ outer energy levels.
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Elements are most stable when they have filled outer energy levels.
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Noble gases are very _____.
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Noble gases are very stable.
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Noble gases neither gain nor lose _______.
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Noble gases neither gain nor lose electrons.
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Elements become more stable when they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level as the nearest _______ _____ does.
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Elements become more stable when they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level as the nearest noble gas does.
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The electrons in the outer energy level are called _______ _______.
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The electrons in the outer energy level are called valence electrons.
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The tendency to gain or lose electrons is sometimes called _________.
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The tendency to gain or lose electrons is sometimes called valency.
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The term _______ _______ is commonly used to describe the number of electrons an element can gain or lose to combine with other elements.
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The term valence number is commonly used to describe the number of electrons an element can gain or lose to combine with other elements.
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Elements in the same family have the same number of _________ electrons. This results in similar chemical properties.
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Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons. This results in similar chemical properties.
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From left to right across a period, atoms gain one ________ _________ (and one proton) with each new element.
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From left to right across a period, atoms gain one valence electron (and one proton) with each new element.
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Within a period, electrons are always added to the same _______ level.
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Within a period, electrons are always added to the same energy level.
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An element in the second period has electrons in ___ energy levels, and an element in the third period has electrons in ____ energy levels.
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An element in the second period has electrons two energy levels, and an element in the third energy level has electrons in three energy levels.
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The period number indicates the number of _______ ______ ____.
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The period number indicates the number of occupied energy levels.
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Another way to understand the patterns by which atoms gain or lose electrons is to look at their ______ ______.
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Another way to understand the patterns by which atoms gain or lose electrons is to look at theirs energy levels.
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All of the _____ _____ have filled energy levels.
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All of the noble gases have filled energy levels.
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Atoms tend to gain or lose _______ so that they end up with completely ______ energy levels.
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Atoms tend to gain or lose electrons so that they end up with completely filled energy levels.
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What is another name for the Octet Rule ?
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The Rule of Eight.
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What is another name for The Rule of Eight ?
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The Octet Rule
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The ______ _____ states that atoms bond in such a way as to have eight electrons in their valence energy level.
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The Octet Rule states that atoms bond in such a way as to have eight electrons in their valence energy level.
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The Octet Rule states that atoms bond in such a way as to have eight electrons in their ________ _______ ______.
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The Octet Rule states that atoms bond in such a way as to have eight electrons in their valence energy level.
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The Octet Rule is just another way of saying that atoms tend to be stable with ____ outer energy levels.
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The Octet Rule is just another way of saying that atoms tend to be stable with full outer energy levels.
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The ______ ____ is just another way of saying that atoms tend to be stable with full outer energy levels.
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The Octet Rule is just another way of saying that atoms tend to be stable with full outer energy levels.
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You can figure out an element's ______ or _______ by looking for the octet.
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You can figure out an element's charge or valence by looking for the octet.
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You can figure out an element's charge or valence by looking for the _____.
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You can figure out an element's charge or valence by looking for the octet.
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The exceptions of the octet rule are _______, _________ & _________. They each need only two ________ in their valence energy levels because their nearest noble gas, helium, has two electrons.
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The exceptions of the octet rule are hydrogen, lithium & beryllium. They each need only two electrons in their valence energy levels because their nearest noble gas, helium, has two electrons.
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The exceptions of the octet rule are hydrogen, lithium & beryllium. They each need only two electrons in their valence energy levels because their nearest noble gas, _______, has two electrons.
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The exceptions of the octet rule are hydrogen, lithium & beryllium. They each need only two electrons in their valence energy levels because their nearest noble gas, helium, has two electrons.
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All metals tend to lose electrons to become more stable, but it is difficult for atoms to lose more than about _____ electrons. This is because every time an electron is lost, the remaining electrons are held more closely by the _______. Predicting the number of electrons transition metals will lose is difficult.
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All metals tend to lose electrons to become more stable, but it is difficult for atoms to lose more than about three electrons. This is because every time an electron is lost, the remaining electrons are held more closely by the nucleus. Predicting the number of electrons transition metals will lose is difficult.
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When consulting the period table for the ion charge of an element, the ______ charge is the most common.
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When consulting the period table for the ion charge of an element, the first charge is the most common.
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Who is responsible for naming compounds?
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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What does IUPAC stand for?
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
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_____ is used for electrical messaging in our bodies. Salt conducts the electrical signals in our nerves because it forms ____.
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Salt is used for electrical messaging in our bodies. Salt conducts the electrical signals in our nerves because it forms ions.
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Salt belongs to a class of substances called ____ _______.
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Salt belongs to a class of substances called ionic compounds.
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Ionic compounds form when ________ transfer from one atom to another.
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Ionic compounds form when electrons transfer form one atom to another.
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The two kinds of ions group together in an organized array called ______ _______.
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The two kinds of ions group together in an organized array called crystal lattice.
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The most stable atoms have ____ ______ _____ ______.
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The most stable atoms have full outer energy levels.
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When sodium transfers an electron to ______, sodium's energy level is now full. When _______ receives the electron, its outer energy level is also now full. This type of bonding in called _____ bonding.
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When sodium transfers an electron to chlorine, sodium's energy level is now full. When chlorine receives the electron, its out energy level is also now full. This type of bonding is called ionic bonding.
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Ionic bonds form between atoms of _____ and _________.
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Ionic bonds form between atoms of metals and non-metals.
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Ionic compounds are all _____ at room temperature.
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Ionic compounds are all solid at room temperature.
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Ionic compounds tend to ______ in water, although some do so better than others.
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Ionic compounds tend to dissolve in water, although some do so better than others.
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Solutions of ionic compounds always _______ _________.
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Solutions of ionic compounds always conduct electricity.
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All names of ionic compounds have ___ parts, because all ionic compounds are made from ___ parts.
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All names of ionic compounds have two parts, because all ionic compounds are made from two parts.
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Every ionic compound is made up of a ____ (positive) and an ______ (negative).
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Every ionic compound is made up of a cation (positive) and an anion (negative).
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The naming rule of ionic compounds is;
1) Name the ____ first by using the element's name. (Usually a metal ion).
2) Name the _____ second by using the first part of the element's name and changing the last part to "-ide." (The anion is usually a non-metal ion.)

Ex. Sodium+Chlorine = ________ _______.
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The naming rule of ionic compounds is;
1) Name the cation first by using the element's name. (Usually a metal ion).
2) Name the anion second by using the first part of the element's name and changing the last part to "-ide." (The anion is usually a non-metal ion.)

Ex. Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride.
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The formula of an ionic compound contains element symbols that identify each type of ___ present. In some formulas, the symbols are followed by subscript numbers that indicate the ratio of ions in the compound.
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The formula of an ionic compound contains element symbols that identify each type of ion present. In some formulas, the symbols are followed by subscript numbers that indicate the ratio of ions in the compound.
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The _______ ____ is the smallest amount of a substance with the composition shown by the chemical formula. It consists of cations and anions in the smallest whole-number ratio that results in a neutral unit in the crystal lattice of a compound. If there are no subscripts, assume that the compound has ___ cation and ___ anion.
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The formula unit is the smallest amount of a substance with the composition shown by the chemical formula. It consists of cations and anions in the smallest whole-number ratio that results in a neutral unit in the crystal lattice of a compound. If there are no subscripts, assume that the compound has one cation and one anion.
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All ionic compounds are composed of an _____ number of positive and negative charges. Meaning the total charge of the ______ must equal the total charge of the _____.
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All ionic compounds are composed of an even number of positive and negative charges. Meaning the total charge of the anions must equal the total charge of the cations.
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In some compounds the cation has a charge of 1+ and the anion has a charge of 1-. Why does this happen?

Ex. Na^+ + Cl^- = NaCl.
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This happens because there has been a transfer of electrons between the atoms.

Ex. Na^+ + Cl^- = NaCl.
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Al^3+ + Cl ^- =AlCl^^3

What is the Al:Cl Ratio ?
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Al^3+ + Cl ^- =AlCl^^3

The Al:Cl ratio is 1:3 because you need 3 atoms of Aluminum for 1 atom of Chloride.
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The method of lowest common multiple is another way of determining the correct formula for an _____ _______.

1) Find the lowest common multiple of the charges for the two ions.
2) Divide by the combining capacity of one ion to get the correct subscript for that ion.
3) Repeat the process for the other ion.
This process ensures that the number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges, so the formula unit is electrically neutral.
answer
The method of lowest common multiple is another way of determining the correct formula for an ionic compound.

1) Find the lowest common multiple of the charges for the two ions.
2) Divide by the combining capacity of one ion to get the correct subscript for that ion.
3) Repeat the process for the other ion.
This process ensures that the number of positive charges is equal to the number of negative charges, so the formula unit is electrically neutral.
question
Steps for writing formulas for Ionic Compounds.

1) Identify the ___ & their ______.
2) Determine the total ______ needed to balance.
3) Note the ratio of _____:______.
4) Use subscript to write the formula if needed.
answer
Steps for writing formulas for Ionic Compounds.

1) Identify the ions & their charges.
2) Determine the total charges needed to balance.
3) Note the ratio of cations to anions.
4) Use subscripts to write the formula, if needed.
question
TRUE or FALSE.
Some metals have more than one stable ion.
answer
TRUE.
question
Elements with more than one stable ion are called ___________ elements.
answer
Elements with more than one stable ion are called multivalent elements.
question
Ionic compounds containing multivalent elements must have _____ ________ in their names to indicate which ion is forming that compound. They are written in brackets after the element to indicate the charge.

Ex. Chromium is multivalent, so chromium(III) sulfide indicates that Cr^3+ ion forms that compound.
answer
Ionic compounds containing multivalent elements must have Roman numerals in their names to indicate which ion is forming that compound. They are written in brackets after the element to indicate the charge.

Ex. Chromium is multivalent, so chromium(III) sulfide indicates that Cr^3+ ion forms that compound.
question
Why aren't Roman Numerals used in formulas ?
answer
Because you can figure out the charge on the ion by looking at the formula.
question
You can use the ______ charge to find the _______ charge when the cation is __________.
answer
You can use the anions charge to find the cations charge when the cation is multivalent.
question
The Roman numeral is needed only if the metal element is __________.
answer
The Roman numeral is need only if the metal element is multivalent.
question
The ________ _____ will tell you if an element is multivalent.
answer
The Periodic Table will tell you if an element is multivalent.
question
Some ions are made up of several non-metallic ______ joined together. These are called ____________ _____.
answer
Some ions are made up of several non-metallic atoms joined together. These are called polyatomic ions.
question
Poly means ____.
answer
Poly means many.
question
Polyatomic Ions usually move through chemical reactions _______.
answer
Polyatomic Ions usually move through chemical reaction intact.
question
The correct way to show polyatomic ions is by writing the formula with its ___ ______.
answer
The correct way to show polyatomic ions is by writting the formula with its ion charge.
question
What are the two most common suffixes used in naming polyatomic ions ?
answer
"-ate" and "ite".
question
____ means more oxygen atoms are part of the ion.
answer
"-ate" means more oxygen atoms are part of the ion.
question
____ means less oxygen atoms are part of the ion.
answer
"-ite" means less oxygen atoms are part of the ion.
question
Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions.

1) Name the _______.
2) Name the _______.
3) You do not need to change the ending of a polyatomic ion's name.
answer
Naming Compounds Containing Polyatomic Ions.

1) Name the cation.
2) Name the anion.
3) You do not need to change the ending of a polyatomic ion's name.
question
Methane is the chemical name for _________ ____.
answer
Methane is the chemical name for natural gas.
question
A _________ forms when two or more non-mettalic atoms bond together. It can be made up of atoms of different elements or of atoms of all the same element.
answer
A molecule forms when two or more non-mettalic atoms bond together. It can be made up of atoms of different elements or of atoms of all the same element.
question
The formula unit of an ______ ________, represents a ratio of ions in a crystal lattice.
answer
The formula unit of an ionic compound, represents a ratio of ions in a crystal lattice.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

A formula is an independent unit.
answer
FALSE

A formula is not an independent unit, it is just one part of a crystal lattice.
question
_________ are independent units made up of fixed numbers of atoms bonded together.
answer
Molecules are independent units made up of fixed numbers of atoms bonded together.
question
Molecular substances can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature, unlike _____ _________.
answer
Molecular substances can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature, unlike ionic compounds.
question
In general are molecular substances good conductors of electricity ?
answer
No, molecular substances tend to be poor conductors of electricity, even in solution.
question
In general, do molecular substances tend to dissolve in water well ?
answer
No, many molecular substances do not dissolve in water well.
question
The atoms in a molecule are joined together by ________ _____.
answer
The atoms in a molecule are joined together by covalent bonds.
question
How do covalent bonds form ?
answer
Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.
question
Each pair of shared _________ forms one covalent bond.
answer
Each pair of shared electrons forms one covalent bond.
question
Are atoms transferred from one atom to another in covalent bonds ?
answer
No.
question
Are atoms transferred from one atom to another in ionic bonds ?
answer
Yes.
question
Nitrogen is known as a _________ ______ because it forms molecules made up of only one type of atom. Its molecules are _________.
answer
Nitrogen iss known as a molecular element because it forms molecules made up of only one type of atom. Its molecules are diatomic.
question
________ means that each molecule is composed of only two atoms.
answer
Diatomic means that each molecule is composed of only two atoms.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

Some elements form polyatomic molecules.
answer
TRUE

Some elements form polyatomic molecules.
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

C
answer
Monatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

Noble Gases
answer
Monatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

All metals.
answer
Monatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

H?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

N?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

O?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

F?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

Cl?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

Br?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

I?
answer
Diatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

O?
answer
Polyatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

P?
answer
Polyatomic
question
Monatomic, Diatomic or Polyatomic ?

S?
answer
Polyatomic
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

mono
answer
1
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

di
answer
2
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

tri
answer
3
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

tetra
answer
4
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

penta
answer
5
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

hexa
answer
6
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

hepta
answer
7
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

octa
answer
8
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

ennea (nona)
answer
9
question
What number does this prefix stand for ?

deca
answer
10
question
A binary compound contains ___ elements.
answer
A binary compound contains two elements.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

All binary compounds contain hydrogen.
answer
FALSE

Some binary compounds contain hydrogen, and some do not.
question
For molecules, Greek prefixes are used to indicate how many ______ of each ________ are present in the compound.
answer
For molecules, Greek prefixes are used to indicate how many atoms of each element are present in the compound.
question
Any compound that does not have a metal or an ammonium ion in its formula is ________.
answer
Any compound that does not have a metal or an ammonium ion in its formula is molecular.
question
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

_______ + first element followed by prefix + second element ending in "-ide".
answer
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

prefix + first element followed by prefix + second element ending in "-ide".
question
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

prefix + ______ _______ _______ ___ _______ + second element ending in "-ide".
answer
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

prefix + first element followed by prefix + second element ending in "-ide".
question
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

prefix + first element followed by prefix + ________ ________ ________ ___ _____.
answer
Format for naming binary molecular compounds not containing hydrogen is :

prefix + first element followed by prefix + second element ending in "-ide".
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

CO (g)
answer
Carbon monoxide
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

SO? (g)
answer
Sulfer dioxide
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

CS? (g)
answer
Carbon disulfide
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

N?O? (g)
answer
Dinitrogen trioxide
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

CCl?
answer
Carbon tetrachloride
question
What is the name of this Binary Molecular Compound ?

P?0??
answer
Tetraphosphorus decaoxide
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

H?O
answer
Water
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

H?O?
answer
Hydrogen Peroxide
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

NH?
answer
Ammonia
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

C??H??O??
answer
Sucrose
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

CH?
answer
Methane
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

C?H?
answer
Propane
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

CH?OH
answer
Methanol
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

C?H?OH
answer
Ethanol
question
What is the IUPAC name for this formula ?

H?S
answer
Hydrogen Sulfide
question
TRUE OR FALSE

Many important compounds are not ionic.
answer
TRUE

Many important compounds are not ionic.
question
Water, methane, wax, caffeine & glucose are all __________ ________.
answer
Water, methane, wax, caffeine & glucose are all molecular compounds.
question
Ionic compounds always contain _______ ; _________.
answer
Ionic compounds always contain cations ; anions.
question
You can recognize an ionic compound by inspecting its formula, and noting the presence of a ________.
answer
You can recognize an ionic compound by inspecting its formula, and noting the presence of a cation.
question
Ionic compounds have ____ melting points.
answer
Ionic compounds have high melting points.
question
The attractions between the cation and the anions in a solid ionic compound are so strong that the ions are held in the tight, highly organized ______ _______. A ______ amount of energy must be added in the form of _____ before the ions can begin to move past each other in the liquid state.
answer
The attractions between the cation and the anions in a solid ionic compound are so strong that the ions are held in the tight, highly organized crystal lattice. A high amount of energy must be added in the form of heat before the ions can begin to move past each other in the liquid state.
question
When a crystal is hit, positive ions lines up with each other, and negative ions line up with each other causing the crystal to break into a perfectly ____ ________. Ionic compounds retain their crystal shape.
answer
When a crystal is hit, positive ions lines up with each other, and negative ions line up with each other causing the crystal to break into a perfectly flat surface. Ionic compounds retain their crystal shape.
question
All ionic compounds dissolve in water to some extent because both cations and anions are strongly attracted to water molecules. This occurs because each water molecule is _______.
answer
All ionic compounds dissolve in water to some extent because both cations and anions are strongly attracted to water molecules. This occurs because each water molecule is polar.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

When an ionic crystal is placed in water, some ions on the surface of the undissolved crystal are attracted into the water.
answer
TRUE.

When an ionic crystal is placed in water, some ions on the surface of the undissolved crystal are attracted into the water.
question
Are solutions containing ionic compounds good conductors of electricity ?
answer
Yes, solutions containing ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity, unlike pure water, which has almost no conductivity.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

The greater the concentration of ions in solution, the less conductive the solution is.
answer
FALSE.

The greater the concentration of ions in solution, the more conductive the solution is.
question
Solutions of ionic compounds are considered to be excellent ____________.
answer
Solutions of ionic compounds are considered to be excellent electrolytes.
question
An electrolyte is any solution that can conduct ___________.
answer
An electrolyte is any solution that can conduct electricity.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

If a solution does not contain ions, it will not conduct.
answer
TRUE.

If a solution does not contain ions, it will not conduct.
question
A substance that dissolves well is considered to be very ________.
answer
A substance that dissolves well is considered to be very soluble.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

A chemical formula would be followed by the subscript (aq) when it's in solution.
answer
TRUE.

A chemical formula would be followed by the subscript (aq) when it's in solution.
question
Are Alkali metals are very soluble ?
answer
Yes.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Most compounds that contain chloride ions are soluble, with a few exceptions.
answer
TRUE.

Most compounds that contain chloride ions are soluble, with few exceptions.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Most phosphates and carbonates are very soluble.
answer
FALSE.

Most phosphates and carbonates are only slightly soluble.
question
Sometimes, when ionic solutions are mixed they form a _________.
answer
Sometimes, when ionic solutions are mixed they form a precipitate.
question
A precipitate is a solid with low solubility that forms a __________.
answer
A precipitate is a solid with low solubility that forms a solution.
question
Precipitates may form when solutions of two different ______ compounds are mixed.
answer
Precipitates may form when solutions of two different ionic compounds are mixed.
question
___________ is the process involved in forming a precipitate.
answer
Precipitation is the process involved in forming a precipitate.
question
Molecular compounds are made up of _________.
answer
Molecular compounds are made up of molecules.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Each molecule of a compound always has the same number and proportion of atoms in it.
answer
TRUE.

Each molecule of a compound always has the same number and proportion of atoms in it.
question
The attraction between individual atoms in a molecule is very ______. The attraction between neighboring molecules is ______.
answer
The attraction between individual atoms in a molecule is very strong. The attraction between neighboring molecules is weak.
question
Do molecular compounds have a higher melting point or a lower melting point than ionic compounds ?
answer
The melting points of molecular compounds tend to be much lower than the melting points of ionic compounds.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

In molecular compounds, only a small amount of energy is required for the molecules to begin sliding past one another.
answer
TRUE.

In molecular compounds, only a small amount of energy is required for the molecules to begin sliding past one another.
question
Can crystals of molecular compounds crumble easily ?
answer
Yes, Unlike crystals of ionic compounds, crystals of molecular compounds crumble easily. The relatively weak attractions between molecules mean that the crystals do not hole their shape.
question
All molecules are electrically ________, both as solids and in solutions, so they _____ conduct electricity in either state.
answer
All molecules are electrically neutral, both as solids and in solutions, so they don't conduct electricity in either state.
question
Precipitates may form when solutions of two different ______ compounds are mixed.
answer
Precipitates may form when solutions of two different ionic compounds are mixed.
question
___________ is the process involved in forming a precipitate.
answer
Precipitation is the process involved in forming a precipitate.
question
Molecular compounds are made up of _________.
answer
Molecular compounds are made up of molecules.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Each molecule of a compound always has the same number and proportion of atoms in it.
answer
TRUE.

Each molecule of a compound always has the same number and proportion of atoms in it.
question
The attraction between individual atoms in a molecule is very ______. The attraction between neighboring molecules is ______.
answer
The attraction between individual atoms in a molecule is very strong. The attraction between neighboring molecules is weak.
question
Do molecular compounds have a higher melting point or a lower melting point than ionic compounds ?
answer
The melting points of molecular compounds tend to be much lower than the melting points of ionic compounds.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

In molecular compounds, only a small amount of energy is required for the molecules to begin sliding past one another.
answer
TRUE.

In molecular compounds, only a small amount of energy is required for the molecules to begin sliding past one another.
question
Can crystals of molecular compounds crumble easily ?
answer
Yes, Unlike crystals of ionic compounds, crystals of molecular compounds crumble easily. The relatively weak attractions between molecules mean that the crystals do not hole their shape.
question
All molecules are electrically ________, both as solids and in solutions, so they _____ conduct electricity in either state.
answer
All molecules are electrically neutral, both as solids and in solutions, so they don't conduct electricity in either state.
question
Is water polar ?
answer
Yes, one of water's most important properties is that it is polar; each water molecule has a negative end and a positive end. Water has this interesting property because of its bent shape and because of the unequal sharing of electrons in the bonds holding the hydrogen and oxygen together. This makes the oxygen end of water slightly negative and the hydrogen side slightly positive.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

Water would boil at a much higher temperature if it was not polar.
answer
FALSE.

Water would boil at a much lower temperature if it was not polar, at about -80?C.
question
If water was not ______, oceans would be boiling year round.
answer
If water was not polar, oceans would be boiling year round.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

As liquid turns to ice, the molecules spread out.
answer
TRUE.

As liquid turns to ice, the molecules spread out.
question
Are there few molecules in a litre of ice or a litre of water ?
answer
The ordering of water molecules in ice also means that there are fewer molecules in a litre of ice than in a litre of water, so that liquid water is denser than ice. This is why ice floats.
question
An _____ is a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH lower than 7.
answer
An acid is a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH lower than 7.
question
A _____ is a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7.
answer
A base is a compound that dissolves in water to form a solution with a pH greater than 7.
question
The ___ measurement indicates how acidic or basic a substance is.
answer
The pH measurement indicates how acidic or basic a substance is.
question
An organ called the _______ produces sodium hydrogencarbonate and other bases that neutralize stomach acid.
answer
An organ called the pancreas produces sodium hydrogencarbonate and other bases that neutralize stomach acid.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

When acids and bases are neutralized, they lose their characteristic properties.
answer
TRUE.

When acids and bases are neutralized, they lose their characteristic properties.
question
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is an example of a _______. It is a substance that can keep the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of a small amount of acid or base.
answer
Sodium hydrogencarbonate is an example of a buffer. It is a substance that can keep the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of a small amount of acid or base.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Adding a metal to a solution could help determine if the solution is acidic or basic.
answer
TRUE.

Adding a metal to a solution could help determine if the solution is acidic or basic. Acids react with metals, although some acids, such as nitric acid, react more vigorously with metals than other acids. Most bases do not attack metals.
question
ACID
RED
BASE
BLUE.
answer
DD
BB
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

taste : sour
answer
acidic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

touch : not slippery
answer
acidic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

reaction with metals : metal corrodes H? bubbles form
answer
acidic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

litmus indicator : red
answer
acidic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

electrical conductivity : conductive
answer
acidic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

taste : bitter
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

touch : slippery
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

reaction with metals : no reaction
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

litmus indicator : blue
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

electrical conductivity : conductive
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

pH of solution : >7
answer
basic
question
Is this property acidic or basic ?

pH of solution : <7
answer
acidic
question
Mixtures in which separate components are not visible are called ___________ mixtures.
answer
Mixtures in which separate components are not visible are called homogeneous mixtures.
question
In fermentation by bacteria, starch and sugars present in food are converted into _____ _____.
answer
In fermentation by bacteria, starch and sugars present in food are converted into lactic acid.
question
The names of acids that contain hydrogen and one other non-metallic element can be written with the prefix _______ and the suffix ___.
answer
The names of acids that? contain hydrogen and one other non-metallic element can be written with the prefix "hydro-" and the suffix "-ic". EX. HYDROCHLORIC ACID,
question
Bases are (more/less) difficult to recognize by their formulas than acids are.
answer
Bases are more difficult to recognize by their formulas than acids are.
question
The presence of the hydroxide ion (OH?) with a metal ion or the ammonium ion usually indicates that a substance is _____.
answer
The presence of the hydroxide ion (OH?) with a metal ion or the ammonium ion usually indicates that a substance is basic.
question
When ammonia is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is ______.
answer
When ammonia is dissolved in water, the resulting solution is basic.
question
Any compound with ____ solubility and an ___ on the right side of the formula is a base.
answer
Any compound with high solubility and an OH on the right side of the formula is a base.
question
When acids and bases react together, both acidic and basic properties disappear. This is the process of _____________.
answer
When acids and bases react together, both acidic and basic properties disappear. This is the process of neutralization.
question
Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base that produces _____ & _____.
answer
Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and a base that produces water & salt.
question
All substances, natural and manufactured, are _______.
answer
All substances, neutral and manufactured, are chemicals.
question
___________ (____) are non-toxic, non-flammable chemicals used mostly in cooling systems.
answer
Chloroflourocarbons (CFCs) are non-toxic, non-flammable chemicals used mostly in cooling systems.
question
Many people use chemical substances for recreational purposes, and some of these substances can be toxic. The two most commonly used hazardous recreation chemicals are _______ & ________.
answer
Many people use chemical substances for recreational purposes, and some of these substances can be toxic. The two most commonly used hazardous recreation chemicals are alcohol & nicotine.
question
The alcohol used in beverages is ________.
answer
The alcohol used in beverages is ethanol.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Alcohol abuse can lead to psychological dependance.
answer
TRUE.

Alcohol abuse can lead to psychological dependance.
question
A heavy smoke has a __x greater chance of developing lung cancer than a non-smoker does.
answer
A heavy smoker has a 20x greater chance of developing lung cancer than a non-smoker does.
question
We can manage hazardous substances through a combination of :
1) Understanding the properties of __________;
2) Using careful and clever design and process engineering;
3) Placing ________ ________ and environmental protection as the top priority; and
4) Enforcing effective regulations.
answer
We can manage hazardous substances through a combination of :
1) Understanding the properties of materials;
2) Using careful and clever design and process engineering;
3) Placing personal safety and environmental protection as the top priority; and
4) Enforcing effective regulations.
question
Chemical change occurs when a substance or substances react in a ______ ______ to create a different substance or substances. The substances that react are called _________, and their reaction produces new substances called ________. The products have completely different properties from the reactants.
answer
Chemical change occurs when a substance or substances react in a chemical reaction to create a different substance or substances. The substances that react are called reactants, and their reaction produces new substances called products. The products have completely different properties from the reactants.
question
Chemical changes are always accompanied by ______ _____. These _____ of _______ into or out of systems drive chemical reactions.
answer
Chemical changes are always accompanied by energy flows. These flows of energy into or out of our systems drive chemical reactions.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

All chemical reactions are fast.
answer
FALSE.

Not all chemical reactions are fast.
question
Metals are _____, except mercury which is liquid.
answer
Metals are solid, except mercury which is liquid.
question
Metals are solid, except _______ which is liquid.
answer
Metals are solid, except mercury which is liquid.
question
Most of the diatomic elements are gases: ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___. Bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid: ___, ___.
answer
Most of the diatomic elements are gases: H?, N?, O?, F?, and Cl?. Bromine is a liquid and iodine is a solid: Br? and I?.
question
What state are Sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon at room temperature ?
answer

Sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon are solids at room temperature.

 

question
All ionic compounds are ____ at room temperature.
answer
All ionic compounds are solid at room temperature.
question
All ionic compound that is very ______ is shown as aqueous when it is dissolved in water. An ionic compound that is slightly soluble is usually shown as a solid, even when its water.
answer
All ionic compound that is very soluble is shown as aqueous when it is dissolved in water. An ionic compound that is slightly soluble is usually shown as a solid, even when its water.
question
Molecular compounds are very difficult to predict the state of. The ______ the molecules are, the more they tend to be gases. The _______ they are, the more they tend to be liquids and then solids.
answer
Molecular compounds are very difficult to predict the state of. The smaller the molecules are, the more they tend to be gases. The larger they are, the more they tend to be liquids and then solids..
question
Energy flow is an essential part of any _______ ________.
answer
Energy flow is an essential part of any chemical reaction.
question
____________ reactions release energy, usually in the form of heat, light, or electricity.
answer
Exothermic reactions release energy, usually in the form of heat, light or electricity.
question
An important exothermic reaction is the combustion of fossil fuels: ____, ___, and ______ ___.
answer
An important exothermic reaction is the combustion of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.
question
An important __________ reaction is the combustion of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.
answer
An important exothermic reaction is the combustion of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas.
question
_______ is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts rapidly with a substance to form a new substance and gives off energy.
answer
Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen reacts rapidly with a substance to form a new substance and gives off energy. *burning*
question
___________ reactions absorb energy.
answer
Endothermic reactions absorb energy.
question
__________ reactions may be endothermic or exothermic.
answer
Biochemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic.
question
Biochemical reactions may be ___________ or _____________.
answer
Biochemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic.
question
Biochemical reactions may be ____________ or exothermic.
answer
Biochemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic.
question
Biochemical reactions may be endothermic or ____________.
answer
Biochemical reactions may be endothermic or exothermic.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature.
answer
TRUE.

Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature.
question
Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature, and they are almost always helped by ________ (biological catalysts).
answer
Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature, and they are almost always helped by enzymes (biological catalysts).
question
Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature, and they are almost always helped by enzymes (_________ _________).
answer
Biochemical reactions happen at an organism's internal temperature, and they are almost always helped by enzymes (biological catalysts).
question
________ are chemicals that speed up a reaction but are not used up by it.
answer
Catalysts are chemicals that speed up a reaction but are not used up by it.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

All of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from photosynthesis.
answer
FALSE.

Most of the oxygen in our atmosphere comes from photosynthesis.
question
What is the reverse version of photosynthesis ?
answer
Cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis. Both plants and animals use cellular respiration to release energy that is then used to drive all the chemical reactions in their tissues and organs.
question
In an exothermic reaction the energy appears on the ____ side of the equation.
answer
In an exothermic reaction the energy appears on the right side of the equation.
question
In an _____________ reaction the energy appears on the right side of the equation.
answer
In an exothermic reaction the energy appears on the right side of the equation.
question
In an endothermic reaction the energy appears on the ____ side of the equation.
answer
In an endothermic reaction the energy appears on the left side of the equation.
question
In an _____________ reaction the energy appears on the left side of the equation.
answer
In an endothermic reaction the energy appears on the left side of the equation.
question
All reactions involve the production of new substances with their own characteristic properties. These properties include: _____ at room temperature, _______ ____, _____ and _______.
answer
All reactions involve the production of new substances with their own characteristic properties. These properties include: state at room temperature, melting point, colour and density.
question
All reactions involve the ____ of ______. This may be detected by a change in temperature during the reaction. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the environment. Exothermic reactions release energy from the environment.
answer
All reactions involve the flow of energy. This may be detected by a change in temperature during the reaction. Endothermic reactions absorb energy from the environment. Exothermic reactions release energy from the environment.
question
When new substances form in a chemical reactions, sometimes change of state can be observed, for example, formation of a ___ (bubbles) or a _____ (precipitate).
answer
When new substances form in a chemical reactions, sometimes change of state can be observed, for example, formation of a gas (bubbles) or a solid (precipitate).
question
All chemical reactions are consistent with the law of _____________ ___ _____.
answer
All chemical reactions are consistent with the law of conservation of mass.
question
TRUE OR FALSE

Regardless of the type of chemical reaction, the total mass of the reaction system never changes.
answer
TRUE

Regardless of the type of chemical reaction, the total mass of the reaction system never changes.
question
What theory is this ?

Regardless of the type of chemical reaction, the total mass of the reaction system never changes.
answer
The Law of Conservation of Mass.
question
What theory is this ?

When a system of chemicals reacts completely, the total mass of all the reactants equal the total mass of the products.
answer
The Law of Conservation of Mass.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

No exceptions to Lavoisier's proposal about the conservation of mass during a chemical reaction are known.
answer
TRUE.

No exceptions to Lavoisier's proposal about the conservation of mass during a chemical reaction are known.
question
Who discovered the Law of Conservation of Mass ?
answer
Antoine Lavoisier
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

The total number of atoms present before a reaction is equal to the total number of atoms present after a reaction.
answer
TRUE.

The total number of atoms present before a reaction is equal to the total number of atoms present after a reaction.
question
A _________ ________ is a process involving chemical change. Chemist record such a process in a _______ _______ that uses chemical symbols and formulas. This equation is a shorthand way of showing what happens during a reaction.
answer
A chemical reaction is a process involving chemical change. Chemists record such a process in a chemical equation that uses chemical symbols and formulas. This equation is a shorthand way of showing what happens during a reaction.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

The first step in writing a chemical equation is to recognize that a chemical change has actually occurred.
answer
TRUE.

The first step in writing a chemical equation is to recognize that a chemical change has actually occurred.
question
The presence of bubbles indicates that a ___ is being produced.
answer
The presence of bubbles indicates that a gas is being produced.
question
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous __________ _____ to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
answer
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
question
Solid __________metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
answer
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
question
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous _________ ________ and hydrogen gas.
answer
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
question
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and _________ ____.
answer
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
question
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous __________ _______ and __________ ___.
answer
Solid magnesium metal reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
question
________ means that the substance is dissolved in water.
answer
Aqueous means that the substance is dissolved in water.
question
What does Aqueous mean ?
answer
Aqueous means that the substance is dissolved in water.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

In a chemical equation it matters what order the reactants are written.
answer
FALSE.

In a chemical equation it does not matter what order the reactants are written.
question
A ________ _______ shows the identities of the substances involved in the reaction, and which elements are present. Does not show the correct proportions of the reactants and the products.
answer
A skeleton equation shows the identities of the substances involved in the reaction, and which elements are present. Does not show the correct proportions of the reactants and the products.
question
A ________ _________ uses the chemical formulas of reactants and products in a chemical equation to represent a chemical equation.
answer
A formula equation uses the chemical formulas of reactants and products in a chemical equation to represent a chemical equation.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

An equation is properly balanced if the number of each type of atom on the reactants side of an equation is equal to the number of each type of atom on the products side.
answer
TRUE.

An equation is properly balanced if the number of each type of atom on the reactants side of an equation is equal to the number of each type of atom on the products side.
question
How do you balance an equation ?
answer
You balance an equation by making sure that the number of atoms of each element left of the arrow is equal to the number of atoms of each element right of the arrow.
question
Never change a subscript to balance an equation. Instead, add coefficients.
answer
Never change a subscript to balance an equation. Instead, add coefficients.
question
What are the five common types of reactions ?
answer
Formation, Decomposition, Hydrocarbon Combustion, Single Replacement & Double Replacement
question
In the simplest form of __________ ______, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a _________ ________.
answer
In the simplest type of formation reaction, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

element + element ->compound.
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

A + B -> AB
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : Sulfur + Oxygen -> Sulfur Dioxide
Skeleton Equation : S? + O? -> SO?
answer
Formation Reaction
question
Sulfure dioxide can combine with ______ in the air to form acid rain.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form ____ ____.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : hydrogen + nitrogen -> ammonia
Skeleton Equation : H? + N? -> NH?
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
answer
TRUE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

No formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
answer
FALSE.

Many formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : sodium + chlorine -> sodium chloride.
Skeleton Equation : Na + Cl? -> NaCl
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, how do you predict the product ?
answer
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, predict the product by writing the ionic compound they form.
question
Decomposition Reactions are the opposite of ________ _______.
answer
Decompositions Reaction are the opposite of Formation Reactions.
question
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a ____________ ______.
answer
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a decomposition reaction.
question
In the simplest form of __________ ______, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a _________ ________.
answer
In the simplest type of formation reaction, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

element + element ->compound.
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

A + B -> AB
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : Sulfur + Oxygen -> Sulfur Dioxide
Skeleton Equation : S? + O? -> SO?
answer
Formation Reaction
question
Sulfure dioxide can combine with ______ in the air to form acid rain.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form ____ ____.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : hydrogen + nitrogen -> ammonia
Skeleton Equation : H? + N? -> NH?
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
answer
TRUE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

No formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
answer
FALSE.

Many formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : sodium + chlorine -> sodium chloride.
Skeleton Equation : Na + Cl? -> NaCl
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, how do you predict the product ?
answer
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, predict the product by writing the ionic compound they form.
question
Decomposition Reactions are the opposite of ________ _______.
answer
Decompositions Reaction are the opposite of Formation Reactions.
question
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a ____________ ______.
answer
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a decomposition reaction.
question
In the simplest form of __________ ______, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a _________ ________.
answer
In the simplest type of formation reaction, two elements combine to form a compound. This type of reaction is also known as a synthesis reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

element + element ->compound.
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

A + B -> AB
answer
Formation Reaction
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : Sulfur + Oxygen -> Sulfur Dioxide
Skeleton Equation : S? + O? -> SO?
answer
Formation Reaction
question
Sulfure dioxide can combine with ______ in the air to form acid rain.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form ____ ____.
answer
Sulfur dioxide can combine with water in the air to form acid rain.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : hydrogen + nitrogen -> ammonia
Skeleton Equation : H? + N? -> NH?
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
answer
TRUE.

You cannot always predict the formula of molecular compounds that form because more than one combination of elements is possible.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

No formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
answer
FALSE.

Many formation reactions occur between metals and non-metals.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Word Equation : sodium + chlorine -> sodium chloride.
Skeleton Equation : Na + Cl? -> NaCl
answer
Formation Reaction.
question
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, how do you predict the product ?
answer
When one reactant is a metal and the other is a non-metal, predict the product by writing the ionic compound they form.
question
Decomposition Reactions are the opposite of ________ _______.
answer
Decompositions Reaction are the opposite of Formation Reactions.
question
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a ____________ ______.
answer
Products can be broken down to yield the reactants again in a decomposition reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

compound -> element + element
answer
Decomposition reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

AB -> A + B
answer
decomposition reaction.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

2 H?O -> 2H? + o?
answer
Decomposition reaction.
question
__________ are substances that contain hydrogen and carbon.
answer
Hydrocarbons are substance that contain hydrogen and carbon.
question
TRUE OR FALSE.

Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon.
answer
TRUE.

Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

C?H? + O? -> CO? + H?O
answer
Hydrocarbon Combustion.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

CH? + 2O? -> CO? + 2H?O
answer
Hydrocarbon Combustion.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

A + BC -> B + AC
answer
Single Replacement Reactions.
question
In a ______ ___________ _______, a reactive element reacts with an ionic compound. After the reaction, the element ends up in a compound, and one of the elements in the reactant compound ends up by itself as an element.
answer
In a single replacement reaction, a reactive element reacts with an ionic compound. After the reaction, the element ends up in a compound, and one of the element in the reactant compound ends up by itself as an element.
question
What kind of reactions often take place in a solution?
answer
Single replacement reactions often take place in solution.
question
In one type of _________ __________ reaction, a metal atom trades places with a metal ion in a compound.
answer
In one type of single replacement reaction, a metal atom trades places with a metal ion in a compound.

ex. magnesium + silver nitrate -> silver + magnesium nitrate.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

magnesium + silver nitrate -> silver + magnesium nitrate.
answer
Single Replacement Reaction.
question
Any metal on its own is present as ____.
answer
Any metal on its own is present as atoms.
question
Any metal element in a compound is present as an ____.
answer
Any metal element in a compound is present as an ion.
question
The ______ ______ determines how the compound is written.
answer
The ionic charge determines how the compound is written.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Skeleton Equation : Mg + NO? -> Ag + Mg(NO?)?
Balanced Equation : Mg + 2 AgNO? -> 2 Ag + Mg(NO?)?
answer
Single Replacement Equation.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

D + BC -> C + BD
answer
Single Replacement Equation.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

Balanced Equation : Cl? + 2AgBr -> Br? + 2AgCl
answer
Single Replacement Equation.
question
_______ __________ reactions commonly occur between two ionic compounds.
answer
Double Replacement reactions commonly occur between two ionic compounds.
question
Ionic compounds are always _____ at room temperature.
answer
Ionic compounds are always solid at room temperature.
question
______ ________ reactions commonly occur between two ionic compounds. Ionic compounds are always solid at room temperature, so these reaction happen in a ______ (dissolved in liquid), where the ions have an opprotunity to mix. This type of reaction often results in the formation of at least one __________.
answer
Double Replacement reactions commonly occur between two ionic compounds. Ionic compounds are always solids at room temperature, so these reactions happen in solution (dissolved in liquid), where the ions have the opportunity to mix. This type of reaction often results in the formation of at least one precipitate.
question
What type of reaction is this ?

AB + CD -> AD + CB
answer
Double replacement reaction.
question
The ____ in the first compound join with
the ____ from the second compound. This is called a double replacement reaction because two new ______ compounds are formed.
answer
The ions in the first compound join with the ions from the second compound. This is called a double replacement reaction because two new ionic compounds are formed.
question
In AB + CD -> AD + CB

A & C are both positive ions. They will never pair up together because they repel each other.
A & C will always appear first in formulas because positive ions are always written first.
B & D are negative ions, so they will combine with any positive ions. They are always written second in formulas.
answer
In AB + CD -> AD + CB

A & C are both positive ions. They will never pair up together because they repel each other.
A & C will always appear first in formulas because positive ions are always written first.
B & D are negative ions, so they will combine with any positive ions. They are always written second in formulas.
question
Is it possible for a reaction to not fit into the five categories of chemical reactions ?
answer
Yes, there are many kinds of reactions that do not fit into the five categories that you have just learned. There are even variations of these five types for which the products are difficult to predict.
question
The quantity that chemists use to measure the elements and compounds is called the ____.
answer
The quantity that chemists use to measure the elements and compounds is called the mole.
question
The number of particles in 1 mol is called ________ _______.
answer
The number of particles in 1 mol is called Avogadro's number (N?).
question
What is Avogadro's number ?
answer
Approx 6.02 X 10??.

OR

602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000.
question
What kind of particles can the mole be used to measure ?
answer
The mole can be used to measure any kind of particles, atoms, ions, molecules, and formula units.
question
Avogadro's number was named in honor of _______ ______, an _____ ______ (___-___).
answer
Avogadro's number was named in honor of Amedeo Avogadro, an Italian scientist (1776-1856).
question
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its _____ ____.
answer
The mass of one mole of a substance is called its molar mass.
question
The ______ _____ ____ of an element is the average mass in grams of one mole of atoms of that element.
answer
The atomic molar mass of an element is the average mass in grams of one mole of atoms of that element.
question

m = n x M what do n & M equal ?

 

m is the quantity of matter (mass) in grams

 

answer

m = n x M

m is the quantity of matter (mass) in grams,

n is the quantity of matter in moles

M is the molar mass.

question
The ____________ method is a simple technique for converting between the number of moles of a substance and its mass. This method is based on the idea that different units can represent the same quantity of matter.
answer
The factor-label method is a simple technique form converting between the number of moles of a substance and its mass. This method is based on the idea that different units can represent the same quantity of matter.
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