Chemistry 90 Part 1 – Flashcards
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| Applied Scientific Research |
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| research whose major focus is the discovery of useful products and processes, which can be used to benefit mankind |
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| Basic Scientific Research |
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| research whose major focus is the discovery of new fundamental information about humans and other living organisms and the universe in which they live |
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| Experiment |
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| a well-defined, controlled procedure for obtaining information about a system under study |
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| Observation |
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| a statement that describes something we see, hear, smell, taste, or feel |
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| Qualitative Data |
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| non-numerical data consisting of general observations about a system under study |
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| Quantitative Data |
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| numerical data obtained by various measurements on a system under study |
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| Science |
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| the study in which humans attempt to organize and explain, in a systematic and logical manner, knowledge about themselves and their surroundings |
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| Scientific Discipline |
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| a branch of scientific knowledge limited in size and scope to make it more manageable |
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| Scientific Fact |
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| a reproducible piece of data about some phenomenon that is obtained from experimentation |
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| Scientific Hypothesis |
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| a model or statement that can be tested by experiment and offers an explanation for a scientific law |
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| Scientific Law |
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| a generalization that summarizes scientific facts about a natural phenomenon |
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| Scientific Method |
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| a set of procedures for acquiring knowledge and explaining phenomenon |
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| Scientific Research |
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| the process of methodical investigation into a subject in order to discover new information about the subject |
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| Scientific Theory |
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| a scientific hypothesis that has been tested and validated over a long period of time |
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| Technology |
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| the application of scientific knowledge to the production of new products to improve human survival, comfort, and quality of life |
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| Accuracy |
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| an indicator of how close a measurement (or the average of multiple measurements) comes to a true or accepted value |
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| Exact Number |
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| a number that has a value with no uncertainty in it; that is, it is known exactly |
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| Exponent |
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| a number written as a subscript following another number that indicated how many times the first number is to be multiplied by itself |
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| Inexact Number |
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| a number that has a value with a degree of uncertainty in it |
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| Measurement |
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| the determination of the dimensions, capacity, quantity, or extent of something. |
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| Order of Magnitude |
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| a single exponential value of the number 10 |
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| Precision |
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| an indicator of how close a series of measurements of the same object are to each other |
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| Random Error |
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| an error originating from uncontrollable variables in an experiment |
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| Rounding Off |
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| process of deleting unwanted (nonsignificant) digits from a calculated number |
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| Scientific Notation |
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| a numerical system in which numbers are expressed in the form A x 10^n, where A is a number with a single nonzero digit to the left of the decimal point and n is a whole number. |
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| Significant Figures |
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| digits in any measument that are known with certainty plus one digit that is uncertain |
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| Systematic Error |
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| an error originating from controllable variables in an experiment |
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| Area |
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| a measure of the extent of a surface |
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| Conversion Fator |
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| a ratio that specifies how one unit of measurement is related to another unit of measurement |
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| Cubic Meter |
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| the SI system base unit of volume |
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| Density |
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| a ratio of the mass of an object to the volume occupied by the object |
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| Dimensional Analysis |
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| a general problem-solving method that uses the units associated with numbers as a guide in setting up the calculation |
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| Equality Conversion Factor |
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| a ratio that converts one unit of a given measure to another unit of the same measure |
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| Equivalence Conversion Factor |
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| a ratio that converts one type of measure to a different type of measure |
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| Kilogram |
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| the SI system base unit of mass |
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| Liter |
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| a volume equal to that of a cube whose sides are 1 dm, or 10 cm (1 dc = 10 cm), in length |
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| Mass |
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| a measure of the total quantity of matter in an object |
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| Meter |
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| the SI system base unit of length |
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| Percent |
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| the number of items of a specified type in a group of 100 total items |
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| Percent Error |
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| the ratio of the difference between a measured value and the accepted value for the measurement and the accepted value itself all multiplied by 100 |
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| SI Base Unit |
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| one of seven SI units of measurement from which all SI measurement units can be derived |
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| SI-Derived Unit |
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| an SI unit derived by combining two or more SI base units |
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| SI System of Units |
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| a particular choice of metric units that was adopted in 1960 as a standard for making metric system measurements |
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| Temperature |
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| a measure of the hotness or coldness of an object |
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| Volume |
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| a measure of the amount of space occupied by an object |
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| Weight |
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| a measure of the force exerted on an object by gravitational forces |
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| Atom |
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| the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the properties of the element |
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| Atomic Theory of Matter |
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| a set of five statements that summarizes modern-day scientific thoughts about atoms |
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| Chemical Change |
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| a process in which a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition |
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| Chemical Formula |
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| a notation made up of the chemical symbols of the elements present in a compound and numerical subscripts (located to the right of each chemical symbol) that indicate the number of atoms of each element present in a structural unit of the compound |
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| Chemical Property |
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| a characteristic of a substance that describes the way the substance undergoes or resists change to form a new substance |
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| Chemical Reaction |
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| a process in which at least one new substance is produced as a result of chemical change |
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| Chemical Symbol |
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| a one- or two-letter designation for an element derived from the element's name |
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| Chemistry |
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| the scientific discipline concerned with the characteristics, composition, and transformation of matter |
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| Compound |
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| a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means |
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| Diatomic Molecule |
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| a molecule that contains two atoms |
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| Element |
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| a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by ordinary chemical means |
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| Extensive Property |
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| a property that depends on the amount of substance present |
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| Gas |
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| the physical state characterized by both an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume |
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| Heteroatomic Molecule |
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| a molecule in which two or more different kinds of atoms are present |
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| Heterogeneous Mixture |
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| a mixture that contains two or more visually distinguishable phases (parts), each of which has different properties |
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| Homoatomic Molecule |
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| a molecule in which all atoms present are of the same kind |
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| Homogeneous Mixture |
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| a mixture that contains only one visually distinguishable phase (part), which has uniform properties throughout |
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| Intensive Property |
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| a property that is independent of the amount of substance present |
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| Liquid |
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| the physical state characterized by both an indefinite volume |
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| Matter |
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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| Mixture |
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| a physical combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own chemical identity |
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| Molecule |
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| a group of two or more atoms that functions as a unit because the atoms are tightly bound together |
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| Physical Change |
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| a process in which a substance changes in physical appearance but not its chemical composition |
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| Physical Property |
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| a characteristic of a substance that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance |
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| Properties |
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| the distinguishing characteristics of a substance, which are used in its identification and description |
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| Pure Substance |
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| a single kind of matter that cannot be separated into other kinds of matter using physical means |
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| Solid |
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| the physical state characterized by both a definite shape and a definite volume |
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| Triatomic Molecule |
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| a molecule that contains three atoms |
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| Atomic Mass |
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| the relative mass of an average atom of an element on a scale using the 12/6 C atom as the reference |
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| Atomic Number |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Bombardment Reaction |
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| a nuclear reaction brought about by bombarding stable nuclei with small particles traveling at very high speeds |
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| Daughter Nuclide |
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| the nuclide that is produced in a radioactive decay process |
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| Electron |
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| a subatomic particle that possesses a negative electrical charge |
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| Electron Capture |
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| a radioactive decay process in which an electron in a low-energy orbital, such as the 1s orbital, is pulled into an unstable nucleus, converting a proton to a neutron |
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| Element |
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| a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by ordinary chemical means |
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| Half-Life |
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| the time required for one-half of any given quantity of a radioactive substance to undergo decay |
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| Isobars |
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| atoms that have the same mass number but different atomic numbers |
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| Isotopes |
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| atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons |
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| Mass Number |
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| the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Neutron |
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| a subatomic particle that is neutral, that is, has no charge |
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| Nuclear Equation |
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| an equation in which the chemical symbols used represent atomic nuclei rather than atoms |
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| Nucleon |
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| any subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Nucleus |
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| the small, dense, positively charged center of an atom that contains an atom's protons and neutrons |
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| Nuclide |
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| an atom with a specific atomic number and a specific mass number |
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| Parent Nuclide |
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| the nuclide that undergoes decay in a radioactive decay process |
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| Percent Abundance |
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| the percent of atoms in a natural sample of a pure element that are a particular isotope of the element |
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| Positron |
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| a particle with the same mass as an electron or beta particle, but with a positive charge |
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| Positron Emission |
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| a radioactive decay process in which a positron is emitted from an unstable nucleus when a proton is converted to a neutron |
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| Proton |
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| a subatomic particle that possesses a positive electrical charge |
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| Radioactive Atom |
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| an atom with an unstable nucleus from which radiation is spontaneously emitted |
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| Radioactive Decay |
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| the process whereby an unstable nucleus spontaneously gives off radiation |
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| Radioactive Decay Series |
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| a sequence of nuclear reactions in which one radioactive nuclide decays to a second, which then decays to a third, and so on, until a stable nuclide is finally produced |
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| Radioactivity |
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| the radiation spontaneously emitted from an unstable nuclide |
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| Stable Nucleus |
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| a nucleus that does not easily undergo change |
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| Subatomic Particle |
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| a particle smaller than an atom that is a building block from which the atom is made |
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| Transmutation Reaction |
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| a nuclear reaction in which a nuclide of one element is changed into a nuclide of another element |
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| Unstable Nucleus |
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| a nucleus that spontaneously undergoes change |
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| Alkali Metal |
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| a general name for any element in group IA of the periodic table, excluding hydrogen |
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| Alkaline Earth Metal |
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| a general name for any element in group IIA of the periodic table |
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| Aufbau Diagram |
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| a listing of electron subshells arranged in the order in which electrons occupy them |
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| Aufbau Principle |
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| electrons normally occupy electron subshells arranged in the order in which electrons occupy them |
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| Chemical Periodicity |
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| the variation in properties of elements as a function of their positions in the periodic table |
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| Condensed Electron Configuration |
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| an electron configuration in which the chemical symbol of the nearest noble gas element of lower atomic number is used to represent the electrons in the configuration up to that of the noble gas, and the remaining additional electrons are then appended to the chemical symbol of the noble gas |
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| Core Electrons |
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| the inner-shell electrons of an atom that are not normally involved in determining the chemical properties of the atom |
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| Diamagnetic Atom |
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| an atom that has an electron arrangement containing one or more unpaired electrons |
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| Distinguishing Electron |
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| the last electron added to an element's electron configuration when the configuration is written following the aufbau principle |
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| Electron Configuration |
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| a statement of how many electrons an atom has in each of its subshells |
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| Electron Orbital |
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| a region of space within and electron subshell where an electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found |
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| Electron Shell |
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| a region of space about a nucleus that contains electrons that have approximately the same energy and that spend most of their time approximately the same distance from the nucleus |
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| Electron Spin |
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| a property of an electron associated with the concept that an electron is spinning on its own axis |
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| Electron Subshell |
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| a region of space within an electron shell that contains electrons that have the same energy |
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| Group |
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| a vertical column of elements in the periodic table |
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| Halogen |
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| a general name for any element in group VIIA of the periodic table |
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| Hund's Rule |
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| when electrons are placed in a set of orbitals of equal energy (the orbitals of a subshell), the order of filling for the orbitals is such that each orbital of the subshell receives an electron with the same spin before any orbital receives a second electron (of opposite spin) |
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| Inner-Transition Element |
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| an element found in the f area of the periodic table |
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| Metal |
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| an element that has the characteristic properties of luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability |
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| Metalliod |
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| an element with properties intermediate between those of metals and nonmentals |
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| Noble Gas |
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| a general name given to any element given to any element in group VIIIA of the periodic table |
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| Noble Gas Element |
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| an element located in the gar right column of the p area of the periodic table |
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| Nonmetal |
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| an element characterized by the absence of the properties of luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability |
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| Orbital Diagram |
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| a diagram that shows how many electrons an atom has in each of its occupied electron orbitals |
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| Outer Electrons |
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| the electrons in a condensed electron configuration given after the noble-gas core electrons |
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| Paired Electrons |
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| two electrons of opposite spin present in the same orbital |
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| Paramagnetic Atom |
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| an atom that has an electron arrangement containing one or more unpaired electrons |
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| Period |
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| a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
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| Periodic Law |
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| when elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar chemical behavior occur at periodic (regular occurring) intervals |
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| Periodic Table |
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| a tabular arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number such the elements having similar chemical behavior are grouped in vertical columns |
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| Quantized Property |
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| a property that can have only certain values; that is, not all values are allowed |
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| Representative Element |
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| an element located in the s area or the first five columns of the p area of the periodic table |
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| Semiconductor |
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| an element that does not conduct electrical current at room temperature but does so at higher temperatures |
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| Transition Element |
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| an element located in the d area of the periodic table |
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| Unpaired Electron |
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| a single electron in an orbital |
