Chemistry 21 – Flashcards
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nuclide
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an atom that is identified by protons and neutrons in nucleus
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mass number
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protons and neutrons in nucleus
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atomic number
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number of protons in nucleus
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mass defect
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the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of the atoms protons neutrons and electrons
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binding energy
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the mechanical energy required to disassemble a whole atomic nucleus into separate parts
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magic number
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the numbers that represent the number of particles in an extra stable atomic nucleus that has completed shells of protons and neutrons
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fission
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a nuclear reaction or a radio active decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts
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fusion
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combining lighter atomic nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
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radioactive decay
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the disintegration of an unstable atomic nucleus into one or more different nuclides accompanied by the emission of radiation, the nuclear capture or ejection of electrons or fissions
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nuclear reaction
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a reaction that affects the nucleus of an atom
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transmutation
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the transformation of atoms of one element into atoms of a different element as a result of a nuclear reaction
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nuclear radiation
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the particles that are released from the nucleus during radioactive decay such as neutrons electrons or photons
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half life
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the time required for half of a sample of a radiation substance to disintegrate by radioactive decay or by natural processes
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control rods
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a neutron absorbing rod that helps control a nuclear reaction by limiting the number of free neutrons
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moderator
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a material thats slows the velocity of neutrons so that they may be absorbed by the nuclei
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shielding
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a radiation absorbing material that is used to decrease radiation
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what device uses controlled nuclear fission to produce new radioactor substances and energy
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a nuclear reactor
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how is a nuclide identified
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by its atomic nucleus and its mass number
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what is the neutron proton ratio of most stable nuclei?
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about 1 to 1
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during radioactive decay the nucleus disintegrates into
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a lighter more stable nucleus
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what unit measures radiation
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roentgen and rem
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forms of radiation detection?
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film badges geiger muller counters and seintellation counters
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what radioactive nuclide is used to treat cancer
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cobalt 60
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what is the energy as heat produced by a reactor used for
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driving conventional heat engines
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alpha particle
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a positively charged atom that is released in disintegration of radioactive elements that has two protons and 2 neutrons
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beta particle
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charged electron emitted during certain types of radioactive decay such as beta decay
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gamma ray
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the high energy photon emitted by a nucleus during fission and radioactive decay
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positron
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a particle that has the same mass and spin as an electron but has a positive charge
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greatest and least penetrating power
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gama, alpha
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most/least massive
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alpha beta
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which form of radioactive decay does not reduce atomic number?
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beta
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how fast do they travel relative to eachother
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alpha (slowest) beta gama
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how r elements artificially transmuted
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nuclei is bombarded by charged and uncharged particles
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where does oxidation and reduction take place
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anode-ox cathode-red
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galvanic cell
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use spontaneous oxidation reduction reactions to convert chemical energy into electrical energy
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electrical potential
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provide a reliable indication for the tendency of a substance to be reduced
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how does electricity flow
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charged particles move through a conductor
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electrons in a voltaic cell normally flow
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from anode to cathode
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spontaneous
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generates voltage itself
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non spontaneous
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occurs when external voltage is applied
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corrosion
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process where metal reacts with air and water
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what conditions make corrosions worse?
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presence of salt or high acidity
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electroplating
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an electrolytic process where a metal ion is reduced and a solid metal is deposited on a surface
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voltage of standard car battery?
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12 volt
