CHEMISTRY 110 – Flashcards
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Proposing butadiene in glue will make it stickier is an example of a(n)
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hypothesis
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Results in an experiment are easier to interpret when the experiment has how many variables?
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One
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Synthesizing a medical remedy for cancer is an example of what kind of research?
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Applied Research
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Does the weight of a person change when there are gravitational differences?
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YES
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Does the mass of a person change do to gravitational differences ?
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NO
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A compound that conducts electricity when molten or dissolve in water
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Electrolyte
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Carbon rods or metallic strips that carry electrical current
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Electrodes
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Anode
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a positive electrode
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Cathode
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a negative electrode
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Ion
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an atom or group of atoms with a charge
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Anion
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a negative ion
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Cation
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A positive ion
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Leucippus and Democritus
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Discovered that atoms cannot be subdivided and molecules are atoms chemically bonded together
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Lavoisier
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Law of Conservation Mass: matter can neither be created nor destroyed *X=Z
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Proust
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Law of Definite Proportions: compound always contains the same element in definite propoetions
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Berzelius
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Experiment to illustrate Law of Definite Proportions: Lead Sulfide
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John Dalton
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Law of multiple proportions: Different atoms can combine with different ratios
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Isotopes
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atoms of same element (atomic number)with different masses (atomic weight)
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Mendeleev
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arranged elements in order of increasing atomic mass
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J.J. Thomson
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discovered electrons -- cathode anode tube
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Roentgen
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used cathode ray tube-- discovered xrays (electromagnetic radiation)
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Becquerel
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discovered radioactivity
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Marie and Pierre Curie
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worked to isolate pure radioactive substances
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Types of Radioactivity
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Alpha: Positive Beta: Negative Gamma: Neutral
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Rutherford
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gold foil experiment: discovered nucleus
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Atomic #
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the number of protons and electrons in the nucleus
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Atomic Weight #
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Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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Same # of protons and electrons, different number of neutrons
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Isotopes
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Elements give different color flames
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Flame Test
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Light from gas substances pass through prism to produce a line-- result from electrons returning to lower levels
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Line Spectrum
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When energy from a flame or source is absorved by the electrons and promoted to a higher energy state
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Excited State
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Ground State
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when electrons are in the lowest stare of energy
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When a tiny unit of energy is produced or absorved when an electron makes a transition from one energy level to another
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Quantum
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When an electron in an excited state returns to a lower energy state, it emits ___ of energy which may be observed as light
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Photon
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Goldstein
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observed positive rays using perforated cathode
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Millikan
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Determined Charge of electrons by oil-drop experiment *calculated the absolute mass of an electron
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Another name for Energy levels
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Shells
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The Quantum Model
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probability-based
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What is the Quantim Model composed of?
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principle energy levels,sublevels, and orbitals(1,2,3,4,5..)
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Principle Energy Levels (shells)
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roughly correlate to the distance that an electron is from an atom's nucleus
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Sublevels(subshells)
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each principle energy level (n) is divided into {s,p,d,f}
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Orbitals
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regions in space that represent a high probability of locating an electron {(s-1),(p-3),(d-5),(f-7),}
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Electron Configuration
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represents the arrangement of the electrons in an atom
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What is the periodic table composed of?
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Groups(families): vertical columns containing similar chemical properties Periods: horizontal rows range of metallic to nonmetallic
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Valence Electrons
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-in the outermost principle energy level of an atom -gained lost or shared in chemical reactions -elements in a group or family have the same amount
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What's the major distinction b/w Greek Philosophers and Modern Scientists?
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Experimentation
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Scientific Results must be Verified by?
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Further Experiment
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Example of Basic Research
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Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach's discovery that atomic nuclei have spins
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Mass is a better measure of the amound of matter than weight is because
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Mass is Independent of location
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Sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide, this is an example of ?
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Chemical Property
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Chemical Change always involves a change in the ___ of a piece of matter?
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Composition
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Characteristics of Gas
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Indefinite shape, indefinite volume
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Substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler substances is called?
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an Element
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Centi-
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100
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Kilo-
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1000
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Density
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m/v
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Freezing point for Celsius
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0 degrees
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The energy content in food is in Calories, Calorie is equal to__?
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1000 calories
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If 1 Calorie is equal to 1000 calories, how many Joules are there?
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4.184 Joules
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Leucippua and Democritua propoaed the "first" atomic vire of matter based on?
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philosophical and intuitive speculation
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Methane can be decomposed into simpler substaces, therefore?
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it cannot be an element
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the atomic masses for elements in the periodic table are ?
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relative masses determined by comparison with a standard reference
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a stream of electrons will behave in what way in an electrical field?
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be deflected toward the positive electrode
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the spontaneous emission of radiation from unstable elements
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radioactivity
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which type od radioactivity is NOT deflected by a magnetic field?
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Gamma
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The nuclear model of the atom waa constructed from which fundamental experiment?
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Alpha particles scattering by thin metal foils
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Relative to the mass of the nucleus of an atom, the mass of the electron is?
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always much smaller
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the identity of an element is determined by what?
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the number of protons in the atom
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The MAX number of elextrons in the n=4 energy level is?
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32
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What is the max number of electrons that can occupy the 3p sublevel?
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6
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Elements in the same group have?
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the same number of valence electrons
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The inertness of the noble gases is due to?
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the number and arrangement of their electrons
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When atoms lose or gain electrons in chemical reactions they form
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Ions
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With reapect to chemical bonding, which particles play the most active role?
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Valence Electrons
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the attraction between positive and negatice ions is known as an
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ionic bond
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When sodium loses a valence electron its core electrons are configured like which noble gas?
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Neon
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Chlorine can gain an electron and its electron structure becomes like?
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Argon
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Octet Rule
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In chemical reactions atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so as to have eight valence electrons.
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Metals lose electrons to take on the electron structure of the previous noble gas. They form__?
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Cations
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Nonmetals tend to gain electrons to take on the electron structuee of the next noble gas. They form__?
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Anions
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Covalent Bond
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sharing of electrons
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Polyatomic ions
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groups of covalently bonded atoms with a charge
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How many rules are there for sketching Lewis Structures?
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5
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Rule #1
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Count Valence Electrons
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Rule #2
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Sketch a skeletal structure
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Rule #3
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Place electrons as lone pairs around outwe atoms to fulfill the octet rule
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Rule #4
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Subtract the electrons used so far from the total number of valence electrons. Place any remaining electrons around the central atom.
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Rule #5
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If the central atom lacks an octet, move one or more lone pairs from an outer atom to a double or triple bond to complete an octet
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Free Radicals
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an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron
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The Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
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theory predicts the shape of molecules and polyatomic ions based on repulsions of electron pairs on central atoms
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What must happen in order for a molecule to be polar?
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1. it must have polar bonds 2. the bonds must be arranged such that a separation of charge exists
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