Chemical Naming and Writing Formulas – Flashcards
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monatomic ions
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ions formed from a single atom
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what do the main group elements tend to form instead of forming ions
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they tend to form a covalent bond (carbon and silicon)
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most elements in what groups can form more than one positive ion
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groups 3-12 **exceptions Ag+, Zn+2, and Cd+2
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chemical formula for an ionic compound represents 1 formula unit
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the simplest ratio between the positive ions (cations) and its negative ions (anions)
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how to name monatomic cations
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just the elements name -K+- potassium -Mg+2- Magnesium
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how to name monatomic anions
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root part of element's name + the ending -ide ~F- Flouride ~N-3 Nitride ~O-2 Oxide
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what does the roman numeral represent
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the charge of that ion
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binary compounds
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compounds composed of two elements -the positive charges equal the negative charges
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who do you write the formula for binary compounds
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-combine the names for the compound's ions to write the formula ex: magnesium bromide -MgBr2
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criss cross method
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used to determine the formula for a binary ionic compound by "crossing over" to balance charges between ions
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note: when doing the criss cross method
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be sure to keep the atoms of polyatomic atoms together. do not separate them
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writing formulas for polyatomic ions
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still use the criss cross method
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naming binary ionic compounds
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name the cation first and the anion second -remember -monoatomic cation: name of the element -monoatomic anion: root + -ide put the names together for the final answer -calcium chloride
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transition metals
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-metals that can have more than 1 possible charge MUST have a roman numeral to indicate the charge of the individual ion -Note: all metals except Group 1, Group 2, Ag, Al, Zn, and Cd need a roman numeral
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naming with transition metals
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-you have to back calculate the charge of the transition metal How? -anions (Nonmetals or Polyatomic ions) only form one possible ion- so you always know that charge -You can then determine what charge you need the transition metal to be based on the charge of the metal and how many atoms of that ion are possible. You know that the charge will always be zero!!!
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Stock names and Classical names apply to what
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metals that can form more than one ion (charge)
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classical names
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use the root part of the name and different endings to represent different charged ions ex: Cuprous ion- Cu+ Cupid ion- Cu+2
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Stock Names
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use roman numerals to indicate the charge of the ion ex Copper (I) ion- Cu+ Copper (II) ion- Cu+2
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oxyanions
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polyatomic ones that contain oxygen -greater number of oxygen atoms= the polyatomic ion ends in -ate -lesser number of oxygen atoms= polyatomic ion ends in -ite
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naming compounds with polyatomic ions
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-compounds with polyatomic ions contains 3 or more elements (3+ capital letters) ----- -name the monatomic ion first -name the polyatomic ion the same name as on your polyatomic ion sheet ----- ex: Li2CO3 Lithium Carbonate
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binary covalent molecules
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covalent bond formed between 2 nonmetals ex: CO2 NO -use greek prefixes to indicate the number of atoms of each element
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greek prefixes
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1- mono 2- di 3- tri 4- tetra 5- penta 6- hexa 7- hepta 8-octa 9-nona 10- deca
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naming binary covalent molecules
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-name in the same order the formula is written -- like ionic, the first elements name in the formula doesn't change also like ionic, the second element in the formula is named using the root and -ide put the two names together to name the molecule
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greek prefix rules for naming
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-the o or a of the prefix is usually dropped when the second element begins with a vowel -- ex: N2O5 Ditnitrogen Pentoxide CO Carbon Monoxide --- usually you do not need the prefix mono for the first element
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writing formulas for covalent molecules
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-write the element symbols in the same order the name is written -do not use the criss cross method -do not reduce the formula (because remember that covalent formulas always show the exact amount of atoms) -the greek prefixes tell you the number of atoms of each element
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acid
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district type of molecular compound
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what are the two ways that acids can be classified
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binary acid- acids that consist of H + a nonmetal ternary acid- acids that contain H + polyatomic acid
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binary acids flowchart
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-made of 2 elements (H+NM) -hydro prefix root+ic ending for the NM
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ternary acids flowchart
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-3 elements (H+polyatomic ion) -no hydro prefix, only change the ending for polyatomic ion - if there is an -ate ending, it becomes -ic (At lunch, you ATE something ICky) -if there is an -ite ending, it become -ous
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Binary acid example
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HBr (aq) Hydrobromic Acid *used the hydro prefix, the root, and the -ic ending)
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Ternary Acid Example
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HBrO3 (aq) Bromate-----> Bromic Acid *no hydro prefix, changed ate to ic*
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exceptions to the name changes for acids
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S= sulfuric (don't drop the "ur"- just add -ic to the whole name) SO4= drop "ate" + add "ur" + "ic" SO3= drop "ite" + add "ur" + out PO4= drop "ate" + add "or"+ ic PO3= drop "ite" + add "or" + ous
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all acid names end with
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acid
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base
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generally an ionic compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in water
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how do you write the formula for bases
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follow the same rules as ionic compounds
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Law of Definite Proportions
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In a sample of any compound, the masses of the elements are always in the same proportions
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example of law of definite proportions
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CO2 C=12.01 g/mol O2= 2 x 16.00= 32.00 g/mol ratio of C:O= 12.01:32.00 g/mol ---- -the ration does not change regardless of how much sample you have -recall: Dalton proper that atoms combine in simple whole number ratios. Therefore, if the atom ratio within a compound is fixed, then so must be the ratios of their masses.
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carbon monoxide
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-doesn't occur naturally in the atmosphere - result of oxygen starved combustion in improperly ventilated fuel-burned equipment -generated by any gasoline engine WITHOUT a catalytic converter -common type of fatal poisoning -flammable gas -symptoms: confusion, nausea, lassitude, syncope, cyanosis, chest pain, and abdominal pain -target organ: lungs, blood, central nervous system
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carbon dioxide
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-occurs naturally in the atmosphere -natural by product of human and animal respiration, fermentation, chemical reactions, and combustion fossil fuels/woods -generated by any gasoline engine WITH a catalytic converter -poisoning is rare -non-flammabe gas -symptoms: dyspnea, sweating, increased heart rate, frostbite, convulsion, panic, memory problems -target organ: respiratory system
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law of multiple proportions
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whenever two elements form more than one compound, the different masses of 1 element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole number -reason for different chemical and physical properties between the same elements
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hydrate
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compound with water chemically attached to its ions ex: plaster of paris forms calcium sulfate dihydrate when water is added CaSO4 x 2 H2O
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naming hydrate examples
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MgSO4 x 7 H2O magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate CoCl2 x 6 H2O Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate
