Chemical Cycles and Organic Chemistry – Flashcards
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Liquid, solid, gas
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Forms of water
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Turns water from a liquid to a gas, and the gas reenters the atmosphere
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Evaporation
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When groundwater is taken up by plants and released from their leaves as a gas
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Transpiration
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Gaseous water in the atmosphere cools at a certain rate
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Condensation
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When liquid forms a large enough droplet in the atmosphere, and falls back to the surface
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Precipitation
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Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, freezing, melting, absorption/drinking (refer to water cycle diagram handout)
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Aspects of the water cycle
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Sun, gravity, Earth's internal energy
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Driving force of the carbon cycle
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Atmosphere/ocean, decomposers, consumers, producers, rocks, dead organisms/waste, fossil fuels
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Carbon reservoirs
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Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, feeding, death and waste (detritus), burial and compaction, eruption, decomposition, burning (human impact), fossil fuel formation (refer to carbon cycle diagram handout)
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Carbon movement processes
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light Energy = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Photosynthesis symbol equation
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Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen (reverse of cellular respiration)
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Photosynthesis word equation
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Chloroplast
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Photosynthesis occurs in which plant organelle
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Glucose + oxygen = Carbon dioxide + water + Chemical energy (ATP; Reverse of photosynthesis)
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Cellular Respiration word equation
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C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy (ATP)
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Cellular Respiration symbol equation
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The amount of matter is always constant. No matter can be added (more atoms) and none can be removed. Matter can only change forms
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Law of Conservation of Matter
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Mitochondria
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Cellular Respiration occurs in which organelle
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The change overtime of rocks into sediments
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Weathering and erosion
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When sedimentary and igneous rock is put under extreme heat and pressure (chemical process)
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Formation of metamorphic rock
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Cooling off of magma (chemical process)
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Formation of igneous rock
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Compaction and cementation of sediments (physical process)
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Formation of sedimentary rock
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Earth's core, sun, gravity
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What is the driving force of the rock cycle
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Sedimentary rock
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What type of rock are fossils found in
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Molecule that can be linked to other monomers to create polymers; There are a small number of monomers used by living things, but livings things differ in the way that the monomers are put together to make macromolecules
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Monomers
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Macromolecules
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Similar species make similar ___
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Very large number of molecules that are bonded together in a specific pattern
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Macromolecules
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Any molecule in a living system, containing carbon; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
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Organic Molecules
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Carbon
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All living things contain ___
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Can create larger, more complex molecules
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Carbon
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Polysaccharides (monosaccharides), nucleic acid (nucleotides), proteins (amino acids), lipids (glycerols)
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What do organic macromolecules include?
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A molecule containing a very large amount of molecules
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Macromolecule
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Lipids
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Which organic molecule does not form polymers?
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A collection of monomers
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Polymer
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Elements of Carbohydrates
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen
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Elements of Proteins
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
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Elements of Lipids
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
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Elements of Nucleic Acid
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Monosaccharide (glucose)
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Monomers of Carbohydrates
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Amino Acids (20 total - different R groups)
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Monomers of Proteins
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Glycerol and fatty acid chains
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Monomers of Lipids
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Nucleotide (5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base)
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Monomers of Nucleic Acid
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Polysaccharide
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Polymer of Carbohydrates
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Polypeptide
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Polymer of Proteins
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NONE
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Polymer of Lipids
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Nucleic Acid
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Polymer of Nucleic Acids
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SHORT term energy storage, structural component (starch, glycogen, cellulose)
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Function of Carbohydrates
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Metabolism (enzymes), structural support (collagen), transport (in cell membrane), defense (antibodies), regulation (hormones), motion (muscle contraction)
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Function of Proteins
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LONG term energy storage, structural component (cell membrane), insulation, prevention of water loss, steroids (hormones and cholesterol)
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Function of Lipids
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Store and transmit genetic information (contains the code for proteins)
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Function of Nucleic Acids
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Sugars, starches, fruits, milk
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Examples of Carbohydrates
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Found in muscle, bone, hair, nails; lean meat, nuts, beans
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Examples of Proteins
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Fats, steroids, phospholipids
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Examples of Lipids
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DNA, RNA; found in nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast
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Examples of Nucleic Acids
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The bonding of monomers by removal of a water molecule (H and OH)
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Dehydration Synthesis
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The separation of monomers through the addition of water molecules (H and OH)
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Hydrolysis
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Chemical reactions in which simpler substances are combined to form complex molecules (ex. dehydration synthesis); store energy
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Anabolism
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Chemical reactions in that result in the break down of more complex organic molecules into simpler substances (ex. hydrolysis); release energy that is used chemical reactions
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Catabolism
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consist of one or more polypeptides, most are globular (3D), each has a unique sequence and number of amino acids
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Proteins
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Long chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
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Polypeptide
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20 different amino acids (all have the same carboxyl and amino group, R group differs (ionized, polar, nonpolar)
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Amino acids
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Function depends on specific sequence of amino acids and shape
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Protein molecules
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chain of amino acids covalently bonded to form a polypeptide bond
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Primary structure
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Hydrogen bonding between amino acids, forms alpha helix or pleated sheet, results in 3D shape
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Secondary structure
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The unique overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to hydrogen bonding between R groups
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Tertiary structure
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When two or more polypeptide chains (tertiary forms) combine
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Quaternary structure
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It is due to the number and type of amino acids it is composed of
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Why does each protein fold into a specific shape
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While some cells have the same proteins, the differences of proteins ultimately makes cells (and organisms) different
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Unity and diversity of proteins
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Proteins can have any combination of amino acids, and a possible infinite number of amino acids in a chain
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Why are an infinite number of different protein shapes possible?
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Molecules must randomly collide in order for reactions to occur
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Random collision
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Involve changes in chemical bonds that join compounds; involve changes in energy; energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds form or are broken
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Chemical reactions
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Energy needed to get a reaction started
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Activation energy
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The chemical processes that occur within an organism in order to maintain life
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Metabolism
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Photosynthesis, respiration, digestion, and synthesis of organic molecules
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Metabolic Reactions
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To absorb energy, and pass it on to other organisms to keep life continuing on earth
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Purpose of Photosynthesis
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To break down sugar and turn it into energy that organisms can use to help us function and live
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Purpose of Respiration
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To help the body absorb and break down nutrients
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Purpose of digestion
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Most common type of protein; used by cells for chemical reactions; not changed by reactions, reusable; catalyze (speed up) the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy required
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Enzyme
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A substance that increases the rate of chemical reactions without going under any chemical change
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Catalyst
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Lowering the activation energy, allowing the reactions to occur faster
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Catalyzing
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It lowers the amount needed
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How does an enzyme change activation energy?
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Enzymes are specific to their substrates (lock and key) and catalyze only one reaction
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Enzymes and substrates
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Usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes (lactASE breaks down lactose)
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Enzyme name
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Found in saliva, breaks down starch
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Amylase
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Found in the stomach, works on digestion
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Pepsin
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Breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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Catalase
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Some enzymes break down nutrient molecules (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) during digestion. They also can guide the broken down molecules into the bloodstream. (Also involved in storage and release of energy and many other processes)
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General Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Processes
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Enzymes require specific environmental conditions to work and are most effective at optimal conditions; factors influencing enzyme reactions are pH, temperature, and amount of substrate
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Optimal Conditions for Enzymes
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When the pH of an environment where enzymes are is changes, the H+ ions or OH- ions that are added may break the ionic bonds within the enzymes by bonding to the an ion, thus ruining the structure of the enzyme (denaturing it). This may cause the active site to become deformed, which causes the enzyme to not be able to react with a substrate. (no structure, no function)
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pH affect on Enzymes
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Low Temp: reactions are too slow; high Temp: can permanently alter the structure of most proteins, making it denatured; causes hydrogen bonds to break which changes the structure (usually changing the activation site) and giving it no function
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Temperature affect on Enzymes
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When a protein's secondary or tertiary structure is altered, but the primary structure stays in tact
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Denatured
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Enzyme Activity pH graph
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Enzyme Activity Temperature graph
