CHEM 1020 Final Fall 2011 – Flashcards
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| amphoteric |
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| a substance whose ability to behave as an acid is about the same as its ability to behave as a base |
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| What is the ph of a solution? |
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| pH = -log [h3o+] |
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| What is the pH of a neutral solution? |
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| 7 |
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| Acidic pH values... |
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| < 7 |
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| neutral pH value |
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| 7 |
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| basic pH values.. |
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| > 7 |
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| pH scale goes from |
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| 1-14 |
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| alkaline |
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| Having the properties of an alkali, or containing alkali; having a pH greater than 7 (aka a base) |
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| buffer solution |
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| a solution that resiss changes in pH upon addition of an acid or a base |
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| A buffer solution contains at least 2 things.... which are? |
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| - component to neutralize any incoming base -a component to neutralize any incoming acid |
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| oxidation |
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| The process whereby a reactant loses one or more electrons |
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| reduction |
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| The process whereby a reactant gains one or more electrons. |
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| oxidizing agent |
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| A reactant that causes another reactant to be oxidized. |
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| reducing agent |
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| A reactant that causes another reactant to be reduced. |
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| oxidation state |
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| the degree of oxidation of an atom or ion or molecule; for simple atoms or ions the oxidation number is equal to the ionic charge; "the oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 and of oxygen is -2" |
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| cathode |
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| The electrode where reduction occurs. |
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| anode |
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| The electrode where oxidation occurs. |
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| corrosion |
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| The deterioration of a metal, typically caused by atmospheric oxygen. |
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| rust |
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| A reddish- or yellowish-brown flaky coating of iron oxide that is formed on iron or steel by oxidation, esp. in the presence of moisture |
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| Phosphoric acid fuel cell |
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| - continuous operation (long start-up cycle) - stationary power applications |
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| molton carbonate and solid oxide fuel cells |
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| - Operating temperatures above 1200?F - Stationary Power applications |
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| Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell |
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| - Lower temperature operation (100-200?F) |
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| Combustion |
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| An oxidation/reduction reaction between a nonmetallic material and molecular oxygen. |
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| allotrope |
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| Each of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist. Graphite, charcoal, and diamond are all allotropes of carbon. |
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| two allotropes of carbon |
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| - diamond - graphite |
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| two allotropes of phosphorus |
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| - white phosphorus - red phosphorus |
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| addition polymer |
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| A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units with no atoms lost as the polymer forms. |
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| hydrocarbon |
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| A chemical compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. |
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| structural isomers |
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| Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different chemical structures. |
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| conformation |
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| One of the possible spatial orientations of a molecule. |
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| condensation polymer |
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| A polymer formed by the joining together of monomer units accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water. |
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| functional group |
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| A specific combination of atoms that behave as a unit in an organic molecule. |
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| monomer |
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| The small molecular unit from which a polymer is formed. |
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| polymer |
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| A long organic molecule made of many repeating units. |
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| Vulcanization |
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| process of treating rubber or rubberlike materials with sulphur at great heat to improve elasticity and strength or to harden them. wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn |
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| Why is carbon so special? (2 bullets) |
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| - Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds. - Carbon also readily forms bonds with many other types of atoms. |
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| Hydrocarbon names are based on: |
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| 1) type, 2) # of carbons |
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| Name will end in –ane |
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| all single bonds between carbon |
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| naem will end in -ene |
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| at least one double bond between carbon |
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| mnemonic for first four prefixes |
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| Monkeys, eat, peeled, bananas M-meth E- eth P- Prop B- But |
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| where do hydrocarbons come from? |
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| fossil fuels |
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| octane rating |
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| a meansure of how well a hydrocarbon fuel burns relation to two standards |
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| saturated hydrocarbon |
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| a hydrocarbon in which each carbon atom is bonded to at least four other atomss |
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| Unsaturated hydrocarbon |
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| A hydrocarbon in which a carbon atom is bonded to less than four other atoms.(This occurs when the hydrocarbon has one or more carbon/carbon double or triple bond) |
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| Aromatic compound |
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| An organic compound containing three double bonds in a six-membered rings. |
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| Latex Rubber |
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| - Sap of the Para rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis - Samples first brought to Europe from Brazil by Charles Marie de La Condamine in 1736 - Named “rubber” by Robert Priestley in 1770 for its ability to remove pencil marks |
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| carbohyrate |
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| A biomolecule that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms and is produced by plants through photosynthesis. |
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| carbohydrate metabolism |
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| the various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms. |
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| glycemic index |
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| A number representing the ability of a food, relative to that of glucose, to increase the level of glucose in the blood. |
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| fat/oil |
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| A biomolecule that packs a lot of energy per gram and consists of a glycerol unit attached to three fatty acid molecules. |
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| omega-3 fatty acids |
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| a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has its first double valence bond three carbons from the beginning. |
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| trans fat |
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| the common name for unsaturated fat with trans-isomer fatty acid(s). Trans fats may be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated but never saturated. |
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| fat metabolism |
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| a metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body |
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| low density lipoproteins |
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| Molecules made of lipids and proteins that carry cholesterol and fat through the bloodstream. |
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| low density lipoproteins |
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| Molecules made of lipids and proteins that carry cholesterol and fat through the bloodstream. |
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| High-density lipoproteins |
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| a form of cholesterol that attaches to low density lipoproteins and allows them to be absorbed out of blood vessels. |
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| Polypeptide |
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| A linear organic polymer consisting of a large number of amino-acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part of (or the whole of) a protein molecule |
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| DNA |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information |
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| Messenger-RNA |
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| The form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome. |
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| Transfer-RNA |
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| RNA consisting of folded molecules that transport amino acids from the cytoplasm of a cell to a ribosome. |
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| Transcription |
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| The process by which genetic information represented by a sequence of DNA nucleotides is copied into newly synthesized molecules of RNA, with the DNA serving as a template |
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| Translation |
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| The process of bringing amino acids together according to the codon sequence on mRNA. |
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| Codon |
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| A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. |
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| Clone |
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| A group of organisms or cells produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical. |
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| Restriction enzyme |
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| An enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases. |
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| Genetic engineering |
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| The deliberate modification of the characteristics of an organism by manipulating its genetic material. |
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