ChDv Final – Flashcards
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Which of the following statements about hormone replacement therapy is true?
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Researchers now believe that the studies demonstrating its positive effects were invalid
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To increase her sexual desire following menopause, Janie began
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taking testosterone supplements
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The term male menopause is sometimes used to refer to
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a dip in testosterone in response to anxiety or sexual inactivity.
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A woman in the US today is more likely to die from which type of cancer?
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lung
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researchers on obesity agree that in middle age
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metabolism slows down by a third
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what is one crucial factor for success when trying to break a habit
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social support
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If a person is experiencing several stressors and the person's organs reserve is depleted the physiological toll of those stressors can
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speed up the heart
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In which coping style do people try to attack a stressor in some way?
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problem focused
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in which coping style do people try to change their emotion about a stressor
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emotion focused
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When dealing with stressors, men tend to be____ in their style, while women tend to be ____.
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problem focused, emotion focused.
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The tens of millions of Americans who live in neglected neighborhoods and who are of low socioeconomic status:
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tend to live as much as 30 years less than the 10 million healthiest Americans.
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When Schaie conducted cross-sectional research comparing the cognitive abilities of adults of different ages, he found:
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a gradual decline in intellectual ability with age
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Which of the following primary abilities declines the earliest in adulthood?
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number ability
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Who has the best chance of maintaining intellectual abilities into late adulthood?
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Martin, who has a college education, a happy marriage, and a good retirement plan
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The ability that involves crystallized intelligence to the greatest extent is:
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interpreting a chemical formula.
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Which of the following statements about changes in intelligence is true?
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Age-related declines are first noted for skills that require speed of response
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Analytic intelligence is particularly valued in:
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emerging adulthood.
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When students take multiple-choice exams, they are using the form of intelligence that Sternberg calls:
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analytic.
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Creative intelligence requires ______ thinking
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divergent
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Betty is a retired registered nurse who fills in at the local hospital when the staff is in need of nurses. She is frequently called in without advance notice and must take over without any time to get oriented. Betty must rely on intelligence that Sternberg calls
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practical.
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What did Baltes and Baltes call the capacity of adults to use their intellectual strengths to compensate for declining capacities?
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selective optimization with compensation
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Experts tend to be intuitive, automatic, ______, and ______ in their thinking.
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strategic; flexible
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According to many developmentalists, the key to successful aging is:
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the capacity to accommodate to changes over time.
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Data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study demonstrated that as adults grow older, their intellectual functioning increases if they:
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do paid work that is intellectually challenging.
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The first visible signs of senescence may be observed in the
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skin
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Most developmental theorists today believe that:
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stages of adult development are not entirely orderly and predictable
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Which statement most accurately depicts researchers' current views on the midlife crisis?
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Believing in its existence may help middle-aged adults cope with the changes that occur
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Matilda is usually a kind, helpful, and easygoing person. She is high on which of the Big Five traits?
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agreeableness
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Davetta is very organized and tends to conform easily. She is high on which of the Big Five traits?
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conscientiousness
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A particular lifestyle and social context that evokes and reinforces personality traits is called an
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ecological niche
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Chris is high in extroversion and therefore will probably
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prefer to work with people and have a busy social life
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Which of the following personality traits tends to increase with age?
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agreeableness
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The group of people who move through life with an individual providing protection and encouragement is their:
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social convoy.
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As adults age, their friendships tend to
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improve
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Typically, the relationship between middle-aged adults and their parents
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improves with age
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In which country did a six-nation study find the highest rates of affection between adults and their aging parents?
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England
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Jeremy was reared in several foster homes and never knew his parents. When he started working with Kent, he became close to Kent's family to the point where they fondly referred to him as "our new-found son." Jeremy is the family's
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fictive kin
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Which of the following conditions affects the long-term quality of a marriage?
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the partners' personalities
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When in a relationship is domestic violence most likely to appear?
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early in a relationship
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Manuel and Rosa have been married for nearly 30 years. Their youngest child left home six months ago. The quality of their marriage should:
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improve since they have more time to spend together.
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Hal and Darcy endured many stressful years in their marriage resulting in much unhappiness. Over time, their marriage rebounded and improved. Research indicates that:
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learning to understand and forgive each other promotes happiness.
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Although couples typically divorce because some aspects of the marriage have become difficult to endure, divorce has other impacts. What is one of the impacts that divorce has on couples?
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severs friendships
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Research finds that women typically suffer from divorce more than men do, but what is one impact of divorce on aging fathers?
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increases loneliness
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Research indicates that remarried people:
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have a greater chance of divorce than do people in first marriages
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Aunt Emily is the family's kinkeeper. This means that she assumes responsibility for:
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gathering the family for holidays, sending birthday reminders, and disseminating family communications.
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The notion of the sandwich generation
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is not very accurate.
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Which of the following conditions do older employees tend to display?
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less absenteeism
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During young adulthood, all body systems—including the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and sexual-reproductive systems—function:
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optimally.
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Larry is 30 years old and will play tennis with 18-year-old Chris. They are equally matched in ability. Larry will probably
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need more rest afterward to allow bodily functions to return to normal
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The term "organ reserve" refers to:
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the extra capacity available to an organ when subjected to stress
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Fifty-year-olds can expect to retain ______ percent of the muscle strength they had at age 20.
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90
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The most common time for males and females to have a baby is during
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young adulthood.
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The maternal age range of peak fertility and peak newborn survival has always been:
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18-25 years.
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Average well-being increases in emerging adulthood, as does the incidence of:
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psychopathology.
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The diathesis-stress model of mental illness proposes that a combination of ______ and ______ produces mental disorders.
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genetic vulnerability; environmental stresses
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Symptoms of depression do include:
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trouble concentrating and sleeping.
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___________ disorders include panic attacks, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Anxiety
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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which a person becomes overwhelmed by:
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All of the answers are correct
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Two factors that tend to maintain good exercise habits beyond emerging adulthood include:
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friendship and communities designed for activity.
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A person's set point is affected by:
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age, genes, diet, hormones, and exercise
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Derrick delivers messages on his bike all over the busy, hilly streets of downtown San Francisco. He engages in
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edgework
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Using a drug in a quantity or a manner that harms physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well-being is called drug:
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abuse.
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______ are the biggest substance abusers, but their illegal drug use drops much faster than their cigarette smoking or binge drinking.
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Emerging adults
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A large university is attempting to reduce student alcohol and nicotine use. A survey was distributed to all students, and the results were published in the student newspaper. Fewer students than anticipated drank and smoked, much to many students' surprise. The university conducted this research using the:
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social norms approach.
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The focus of postformal thought, the possible fifth stage of cognition, is:
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problem finding
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Most emerging adults struggle with ______; however, adults gradually master it as their cognition matures.
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time management
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Compared to formal operational thinking, postformal thought is characterized by:
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rationality.
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A common logical error of emerging adults is delay discounting, the tendency to:
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undervalue events in the future.
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A research study of people aged 13-45 found that logical skills improved from ______ to ______, then stayed steady.
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adolescence; emerging adulthood
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Emily's parents were becoming exasperated. She just changed majors for the third time since her freshman year in college. As a junior, she would have additional prerequisite credits to complete to prepare for the new major. Emily is demonstrating:
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cognitive flexibility
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William arrived at a large, culturally diverse university from a small isolated town, excited to start his college education. Quickly, though, he became fearful and suspicious of students different than himself. William needs to:
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use cognitive flexibility to counter the stereotypes he has learned.
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The study in which adults were asked to suggest solutions to 15 real-life problems demonstrated that:
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familiarity with situations enabled adults to be more flexible.
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Jeff is a fun-loving, intelligent, responsible teenager who likes to dye his hair different colors. However, he is concerned that other people might construe his hair color as reflection of low achievement. His concern is over:
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stereotype threat.
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Alicia is a chemical engineer who has endured sexism throughout her career. Her 14-year-old daughter would like also to go into chemical engineering. Alicia supports her daughter's goals but worries that she, too, will be subjected to ______ as Alicia had been.
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stereotype threat
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The adult thinking process in which every idea implies an opposite idea, and both the idea and its opposite can be integrated into a synthesis is referred to as:
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dialectical thinking.
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In an essay, Michelle begins by writing that knowing the truth sets people free. In her next paragraph, she opposes this idea with the idea that knowing the truth often involves learning about limitations and constraints on freedom. In her third paragraph, Michelle integrates these two perspectives. Michelle's essay best demonstrates:
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dialectical thinking.
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Carol Gilligan would probably say that choices about which of the following aspects of life are most likely to advance moral thinking?
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child rearing
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Four-year-old Davis believes that God gave his little brother to his mother because she stayed overnight at the hospital. Davis is at the ______ stage of religious faith.
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intuitive-projective
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The stage of faith that is based on God rewarding those who follow His laws punishing other is referred to as:
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mythic-literal faith
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Favoring what feels right over what makes intellectual sense is typical of___ faith
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synthetic conventional
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The type of faith in which people can accept contradictions and incorporate both powerful unconscious ideas and rational, conscious values is
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conjunctive faith
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According to Fowler, Mother Teresa, MLK and Ghandi exhibited which stage of faith?
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universalizing
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Identify the true statement about developmentists' view of faith and religion
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it progresses from a self centered prospective to a many sided altruistic view
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According to Fowler's religious stages, faith, like other aspects of cognition, progresses from a(n) ___ view of life to a (n) ___ view
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simple, self centered, one sided, complex, unselfish
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The first phase of college students' thinking is
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believing in the existence of clear and perfect truths
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Perry found that over the four years of their college careers, students:
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progress through nine levels of complexity in their thinking
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Which of the following statements about cohort effects regarding the effect of college on cognitive development is true?
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the increased diversity of the college atmosphere probably helps to enhance cognitive development
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Colleges that make use of their diversity by including___ help students stretch their understanding not only of differences and similarities among people but also of themselves.
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all of the answers are correct
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Research has revealed that college education leads students to become
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more tolerant of differing religions and political views.
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Which group showed the greatest gains in their well being after highschool?
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college students
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intimacy is best defined as
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affiliation
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jessica is 21 years old. how is her circle of friends likely to differ from that of her mother when she was jessica's age?
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Jessica's circle of friends is more likely to include both males and females
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compared to those of women, friendship between men are
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less emotional
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friendships between men are less intimate than those between women because
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men are more hesitant to express their vulnerabilities
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which of the following is a particular advantage of cross sex friendships
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oppurtunity to learn about the opposite sex
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Which of the following statements about the qualities young adults seek from a romantic partner is true?
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culture greatly affects the qualities sought by individuals
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According to Sternberg, when commitment, passion, and intimacy are all present, the form of love is ___
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consummate
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Jim and Margaret have been married for 35 years. They feel no passion and share few feelings. Sternberg would say that they have which type of love?
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empty
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According to sternberg, passion and commitment without intimacy result in
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fatuous love
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Clara and Gus have been married for 55 years. They share deep intimacy and commitment but are no longer passionate. According to Sternberg, their love is now
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compassionate.
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According to research the chance of finding a potential partner with the same interest in three favorite leisure activities and with similar opinions about three important role preferences is___percent
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1
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In demand/withdrawal interactio, women tend to be more___and men more____
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demanding; withdrawing
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What percentage of men in the US and Canada each year have said that they have pushed, grabbed, kicked, or shoved their partner at least one time
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12
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Which of the following occurrences is a result of intimate terrorism?
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battered wife syndrome
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What percentage of all emerging adults have said that they receive money from their parents in addition to food, medical care, tuition, and other support.
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50
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what is enmeshment
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parents always knowing what their emerging adult children are doing or thinking?
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Which of the following is the biggest determinant of whether a child will develop healthy lifestyle habits?
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having parents, teachers, and peers who demonstrate healthy lifestyle habits
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For girls, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is:
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the beginning of breast development, the growth spurt, and menarche.
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For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is:
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growth of the testes; initial pubic-hair growth; growth of the penis; spermarche
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The hormone that causes the ovaries and testes to greatly increase their production of estradiol and testosterone is:
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gonadotropin-releasing hormone.
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Chris is just starting to experience an eightfold increase in the amount of estrogen. Chris is most likely a:
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normal 9-year-old girl.
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Roger is typically an easygoing adolescent but every once in awhile he suddenly becomes moody and lashes out at his younger sister. Which of the following pubertal processes would most likely contribute to this behavior?
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a sudden increase in testosterone levels
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The adolescent who will probably find puberty most difficult is:
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Katya, an early maturer.
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Sharon is concerned about deficiencies in her daughter Alana's diet. If Alana is a typical teen, Sharon should prepare:
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a steak to increase her iron.
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When Patty looks in the mirror, she sees an overweight girl. She is 5 feet tall and weighs 87 pounds. She does aerobics for at least two hours daily and eats very little. Patty most likely suffers from:
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anorexia nervosa.
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Josephina is obsessed with her weight, yet she will eat a whole package of Oreos in one sitting. Afterwards she will go into the bathroom and make herself vomit. Josephina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. Josephina most likely suffers from:
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bulimia nervosa.
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Which of the following behaviors seems to reduce the risk of an adolescent developing an eating disorder?
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the family sharing meals together
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The growth spurt begins with a(n):
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increase in bone length.
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The growth spurt typically occurs during puberty in the following order:
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weight, height, muscle.
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In adolescence, changes in heart and lung capacity include:
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greater lung capacity.
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Barry is taking a weight-lifting class in high school. The weights he lifts should:
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be tailored to his size of the previous year
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Changes in primary sex characteristics during puberty include:
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growth of the uterus and the testes.
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Secondary sex characteristics are characteristics that:
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are not directly related to reproduction.
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Which of the following has the largest impact on whether adolescent sexual discovery and exploration is healthy and enjoyable or shameful and frightening?
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social context
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Young people who are sexually exploited:
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tend to devalue themselves throughout life.
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Of the following parts of the brain, which is the last to fully mature in adolescence?
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prefrontal cortex
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José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. Which of the following influences will be most beneficial to him in reaching his full potential?
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rapid changes in myelination in his brain and guidance of an experienced coach
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The still-developing prefrontal cortex and the full development of the limbic system are at least partially responsible for the:
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passion and commitment with which adolescents and young adults embrace nontraditional ideas.
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In general, adolescent egocentrism refers to the:
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view that one is noticed by everyone.
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A 15-year-old girl realizes that the dress she has worn to school has a small stain on it. Her belief that everyone will notice it is an example of:
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adolescent egocentrism.
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Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their:
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personal fable.
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Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating:
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the invincibility fable.
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The term imaginary audience refers to adolescents':
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false belief that everyone is constantly attending to their behavior and appearance.
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Recent research has indicated that many adolescents:
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do not feel invincible.
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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines:
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hypothetical thought
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Which of the following statements about hypothetical thought is true?
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Hypothetical thought involves imagined possibilities.
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Which of the following terms refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions?
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inductive reasoning
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Deductive reasoning is also referred to as:
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top-down reasoning.
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Using inductive thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a ______."
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dog
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Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of:
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deductive reasoning.
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Recent research examining the development of formal logic has demonstrated that:
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development may be far less stagelike than Piaget believed.
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Analytic thinking requires a certain level of:
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brain capacity, intellectual maturity, and motivation.
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As adolescents gain experience in making decisions and thinking things through, they:
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become better at knowing when analysis is needed.
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Many adolescents consider their faith a tool to be used to:
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All of the answers are correct.
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The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes has the effect of:
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creating a developmental mismatch.
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A strategy to increase student motivation in high schools is widespread participation in:
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after-school athletic teams or clubs.
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Seventeen-year-old Andrew failed several classes, lost his job, and spends most of his time sleeping on the couch. When his parents voiced their disapproval, he replied, "Whatever." Andrew's response indicates identity:
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diffusion.
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Adoption of parents' or society's roles and values, rather than questioning and exploring a personal identity, is referred to as identity:
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foreclosure.
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The term for a pause in identity formation, when alternatives are explored before final choices are made, is known as:
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moratorium.
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Harold readily adopted his parent's religious faith without question. Happy and secure, he enjoys participating in religious events with his parents. His identity status reflects:
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foreclosure.
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Sexual self-definition is comprised of three aspects:
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gender identity, gender role, and sexual orientation.
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Which of the following statements regarding ethnic identity is true?
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A child who belongs to an ethnic minority usually begins to establish an ethnic identity in adolescence and is likely to continue to explore the implications of this identity for many more years.
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Which type of parenting is most effective during adolescence?
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authoritarian
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Parental monitoring is most likely to be effective and healthy when it is:
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part of a warm, supportive relationship.
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Michelle's parents were permissive throughout her childhood. Now that Michelle is an adolescent, they are trying to exert control over her. What is likely to be the outcome of this scenario?
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Michelle is likely to be angry and defiant.
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At age 17, Jeff aspired to become a serious musician. His group of friends began to change as he made more friends with serious musical interests and drifted away from friends with other interests. He is exhibiting peer
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Michelle is likely to be angry and defiant.
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A survey conducted in 2008 found that 0.5 percent of American high school students identified themselves as gay or lesbian, while a survey in Holland found that 8.5 percent of students said that they were attracted to others of their same sex. Which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for this statistical difference?
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Open same-sex relationships are more culturally accepted in Holland than in the United States.
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Ideally, before having sex, teenagers would discuss the risks of pregnancy and STIs, but in reality only about ______ of them have these discussions.
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half
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The abstinence-only sex-education program that was widely promoted in the United States in 1998 resulted in:
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no significant impact on sexual activity by teenagers.
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Parasuicide refers to:
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a deliberate act of self-destruction that does not end in death.
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